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BAE Systems Hawk
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===Origins=== In 1964, the [[Royal Air Force]] specified a requirement (Air Staff Target, AST, 362) for a new fast jet trainer to replace the [[Folland Gnat]]. The [[SEPECAT Jaguar]] was originally intended for this role, but it was soon realised that it would be too complex an aircraft for fast jet training and only a small number of two-seat versions were purchased. Accordingly, in 1968, [[Hawker Siddeley|Hawker Siddeley Aviation]] (HSA) began studies for a simpler aircraft, initially as special project (SP) 117. The design team was led by [[Ralph Hooper]].<ref>''Flight International'' 22 November 1986, p. 61.</ref> This project was funded by the company as a private venture, in anticipation of possible RAF interest. The design was conceived of as having tandem seating and a combat capability in addition to training, as it was felt the latter would improve export sales potential. By the end of the year HSA had submitted a proposal to the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] based on the design concept, and in early 1970 the RAF issued Air Staff Target (AST) 397 which formalised the requirement for new trainers of this type. The RAF selected the HS.1182 for their requirement on 1 October 1971 and the principal contract, for 175 aircraft, was signed in March 1972.<ref>Reed, A., "Modern Combat Aircraft 20: BAe Hawk", Chapter 1 (Ian Allan, 1985) {{ISBN|978-0-7110-1465-7}}</ref><ref>Donald, D. and Lake, J., eds, "Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft", Volume 1 (Aerospace Publishing, 1994) {{ISBN|978-1-874023-51-7}}"</ref> The prototype aircraft XX154 first flew on 21 August 1974 from Dunsfold piloted by [[Duncan Simpson]], Chief Test Pilot of HSA (Kingston), reaching 20,000 ft in a flight lasting 53 minutes.<ref>RAF Museum postal cover "Commemorating the First Flight of the Hawk", 21 August 1974.</ref> All development aircraft were built on production jigs; the program remained on time and to budget throughout.<ref name="field 834"/> The Hawk T1 entered RAF service in late 1976.<ref name="Polmar Bell 388">[[Norman Polmar|Polmar]] and Bell 2004, p. 388.</ref> The first export Hawk 50 flew on 17 May 1976. This variant had been specifically designed for the dual role of lightweight fighter and advanced trainer; it had a greater weapons capacity than the T.1.<ref name="Polmar Bell 388"/> [[File:RAF Red Arrows depart RIAT Fairford 14thJuly2014 arp.jpg|thumb|The RAF [[Red Arrows]] depart the 2014 [[Royal International Air Tattoo]], [[England]], in a colour scheme that commemorates their 50th year.]] More variants of the Hawk followed, and common improvements to the base design typically included increased range, more powerful engines, redesigned wing and undercarriage, the addition of radar and forward-looking infrared, [[GPS]] navigation, and night-vision compatibility.<ref>Polmar and Bell 2004, p. 387-390.</ref> Later models were manufactured with a great variety in terms of avionics fittings and system compatibility to suit the individual customer nation; cockpit functionality was often rearranged and programmed to be common to an operator's main fighter fleet to increase the Hawk's training value.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1994/1994%20-%200430.html "British Aerospace Hawk."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731195635/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1994/1994%20-%200430.html |date=31 July 2013 }} ''Flight International'', 22 February 1994.</ref> In 1981, a derivative of the Hawk was selected by the [[United States Navy]] as their new trainer aircraft. Designated the [[McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk]], the design was adapted to naval service and strengthened to withstand operating directly from the decks of carriers, in addition to typical land-based duties.<ref name="Polmar Bell 387"/> This T-45 entered service in 1994; initial aircraft had analogue cockpits, while later deliveries featured a digital [[glass cockpit]]. All airframes were planned to undergo avionics upgrades to a common standard.<ref>Polmar and Bell 2004, pp. 387, 389β340.</ref>
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