Editing Bangkok (section)

==Name==
The origin of the name ''Bangkok'' ({{lang|th|บางกอก}}, pronounced in Thai as {{IPA|th|bāːŋ kɔ̀ːk||Th-Bangkok.ogg}}) is unclear. {{lang|th-Latn|Bang}} {{lang|th|บาง}} is a Thai word meaning 'a village on a stream',<ref>{{cite web |script-title=th:พจนานุกรม ฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๒ |trans-title=Royal Institute Dictionary, B.E. 1999 (online edition)|url=http://rirs3.royin.go.th/word24/word-24-a3.asp |publisher=Royal Institute |language=th |access-date=12 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112051933/http://rirs3.royin.go.th/word24/word-24-a3.asp |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref> and the name might have been derived from {{lang|th-Latn|Bang Ko}} ({{lang|th|บางเกาะ}}), {{lang|th-Latn|ko}} {{lang|th|เกาะ}} meaning 'island', stemming from the city's watery landscape.<ref name="Tipawan">{{cite web |last1=Chandrashtitya |first1=Tipawan |script-title=th:ประวัติเมืองธนบุรี |trans-title=History of Thonburi City |url=http://dit.dru.ac.th/home/012/attractions_history.html |website=Arts & Cultural Office |publisher=Dhonburi Rajabhat University |access-date=11 December 2011 |first2=Chiraporn |last2=Matungka |language=th |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713001017/http://dit.dru.ac.th/home/012/attractions_history.html |archive-date=13 July 2010 }}</ref> Another theory suggests that it is shortened from {{lang|th-Latn|Bang Makok}} ({{lang|th|บางมะกอก}}), {{lang|th-Latn|makok}} {{lang|th|มะกอก}} being the name of ''[[Elaeocarpus hygrophilus]]'', a plant bearing olive-like fruit.{{efn|Two plants are known in Thai by the name {{lang|th-Latn|makok}}: ''E. hygrophilus'' ({{lang|th-Latn|makok nam}}, 'water {{lang|th-Latn|makok}}') and ''[[Spondias pinnata]]'' ({{lang|th-Latn|makok pa}}, 'jungle {{lang|th-Latn|makok}}'). The species that grew in the area was likely {{lang|th-Latn|makok nam}}.}} This is supported by the former name of [[Wat Arun]], a historic temple in the area, that used to be called ''Wat Makok''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Sujit |last=Wongthes |author-link=Sujit Wongthes |script-title=th:กรุงเทพฯ มาจากไหน? |trans-title=Bangkok: A Historical Background |isbn=978-616-7686-00-4 |year=2012 |publisher=Dream Catcher |location=Bangkok |url=http://www.sujitwongthes.com/2012/03/nonfiction2555-1/ |language=th |access-date=9 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217125517/http://www.sujitwongthes.com/2012/03/nonfiction2555-1/ |archive-date=17 December 2014 |page=37 }}</ref>

Officially, the town was known as {{lang|th-Latn|Thonburi Si Mahasamut}} ({{lang|th|ธนบุรีศรีมหาสมุทร}}, from [[Pali]] and [[Sanskrit]], literally 'city of treasures gracing the ocean') or {{lang|th-Latn|Thonburi}}, according to the ''[[Ayutthaya Chronicles]]''.<ref name="Wang Derm-Thonburi">{{cite web |script-title=th:สาระน่ารู้กรุงธนบุรี |trans-title=Interesting facts about the city of Thonburi |url=http://www.wangdermpalace.org/thonburi/index_thai.html |website=Phra Racha Wang Derm |publisher=Phra Racha Wang Derm Restoration Foundation |access-date=11 December 2011 |language=th |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302033915/http://www.wangdermpalace.org/thonburi/index_thai.html |archive-date=2 March 2012 }}</ref> ''Bangkok'' was likely a colloquial name, albeit [[Endonym and exonym|one widely adopted by foreign visitors]], who continued to use it to refer to the city even after the new capital's establishment.

When King Rama I established his new capital on the river's eastern bank, the city inherited Ayutthaya's ceremonial name, of which there were many variants, including {{lang|th-Latn|Krung Thep Thawarawadi Si Ayutthaya}} ({{lang|th|กรุงเทพทวารวดีศรีอยุธยา}}) and {{lang|th-Latn|Krung Thep Maha Nakhon Si Ayutthaya}} ({{lang|th|กรุงเทพมหานครศรีอยุธยา}}).<ref name="Chanchai">{{cite journal|last=Phakathikhom |first=Chanchai |script-title=th:นามพระนคร "ศรีอยุธยา" มาแต่ไหน |journal=Senathipat |year=2005 |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=114–123 |url=http://cdsd-rta.net/images/stories/valasan/valsan%20y54%20b3%20year2548/155403.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020085443/http://www.cdsd-rta.net/images/stories/valasan/valsan%20y54%20b3%20year2548/155403.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=31 July 2013 |trans-title=What were the origins of the capital name "Si Ayutthaya"? |language=th |issn=0857-3891 }}</ref> [[Edmund Roberts (diplomat)|Edmund Roberts]], visiting the city as envoy of the United States in 1833, noted that the city, since becoming capital, was known as {{lang|th-Latn|Sia-Yut'hia}}, and this is the name used in international treaties of the period.<ref name="Roberts">{{cite book|last= Roberts|first= Edmund|author-link= Edmund Roberts (diplomat)|title= Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat: in the U.S. sloop-of-war Peacock during the years 1832–3–4|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aSgPAAAAYAAJ|date= 1837|orig-date= 1837|publisher= Harper & Brothers|oclc= 12212199|page= image 288|chapter= Chapter XVIII —City of Bang-kok|isbn= 978-0-608-40406-6|access-date= 5 April 2013|quote= The spot on which the present capital stands, and the country in its vicinity, on both banks of the river for a considerable distance, were formerly, before the removal of the court to its present situation called Bang-kok; but since that time, and for nearly sixty years past, it has been named Sia yuthia, (pronounced See-ah you-tè-ah, and by the natives, Krung, that is, the capital;) it is called by both names here, but never Bang-kok; and they always correct foreigners when the latter make this mistake. The villages which occupy the right hand of the river, opposite to the capital, pass under the general name of Bang-kok.|archive-date= 23 January 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230123212347/https://books.google.com/books?id=aSgPAAAAYAAJ|url-status= live}}</ref>

The city's ceremonial name came into use during the reign of King Mongkut.{{efn|While this ceremonial name is generally believed, based on writings by the Somdet Phra Wannarat (Kaeo), to have originally been given by King Rama I and later modified by King Mongkut, it did not come into use until the latter reign.<ref name="Chanchai"/>}}<ref name="200 years">{{cite book|last=Committee for the Rattanakosin Bicentennial Celebration|title=จดหมายเหตุการอนุรักษ์กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ |trans-title=Rattanakosin City conservation archives|publisher=Department of Fine Arts|year=1982}} Reproduced in {{cite web|title=กว่าจะมาเป็นกรุงเทพฯ |trans-title=The path to become Bangkok |url=http://203.155.220.230/info/passbkk/frame.asp |publisher=BMA Data Center |access-date=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219220002/http://203.155.220.230/info/passbkk/frame.asp |archive-date=19 December 2014 }}</ref> The full name reads as follows:<ref name="Royal Institute Newsletter">{{cite journal|journal=Royal Institute Newsletter|volume=3|issue=31|date=December 1993|title=กรุงเทพมหานคร}} Reproduced in {{cite web|script-title=th:กรุงเทพมหานคร|trans-title=Krung Thep Mahanakhon |language=th|url=http://www.royin.go.th/th/knowledge/detail.php?ID=639|access-date=12 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206140602/http://www.royin.go.th/th/knowledge/detail.php?ID=639|archive-date=2014-12-06}}</ref>{{efn|This ceremonial name uses two ancient Indian languages, [[Pāli]] and [[Sanskrit]], prefaced with the only one Thai word, ''Krung'', which means 'capital'. According to the romanisation of these languages, it can actually be written as ''[[wikt:กรุง#Thai|Krung]]-[[wikt:देव#Sanskrit|dēva]] [[wikt:महा#Sanskrit|mahā]] [[wikt:नगर#Sanskrit|nagara]] [[wikt:अमर#Sanskrit|amara]] [[wikt:रत्न#Sanskrit|ratana]]kosindra [[wikt:महा#Sanskrit|mah]] [[wikt:इन्द्र#Sanskrit|indr]] [[wikt:अयोध्या#Sanskrit|āyudhyā]] [[wikt:महा#Sanskrit|mahā]] [[wikt:तिलक#Sanskrit|tilaka]] [[wikt:भाव#Sanskrit|bhava]] [[wikt:नव#Numeral 2|nava]] [[wikt:रत्न#Sanskrit|ratana]] [[wikt:राजा#Sanskrit|rāja]] [[wikt:धानी#Sanskrit|dhānī]] [[wikt:पुरी#Sanskrit|purī]] [[wikt:रम्य#Sanskrit|ramya]] [[wikt:उत्तम#Sanskrit|uttama]] [[wikt:राजा#Sanskrit|rāja]]nivēsana [[wikt:महा#Sanskrit|mah]] [[wikt:आस्थान#Sanskrit|āsthāna]] [[wikt:अमर#Sanskrit|amara]] [[wikt:विमान#Sanskrit|vimāna]] [[wikt:अवतार#Sanskrit|avatāra]] [[wikt:स्थिति#Sanskrit|sthitya]] shakrasdattiya [[wikt:विष्णु#Sanskrit|viṣṇu]] [[wikt:कर्मन्#Sanskrit|karma]] [[wikt:प्रसिद्धि#Sanskrit|prasiddhi]]''{{Audio|Bangkok ceremonial name in Sanskrit.ogg|(listen)}}.}}

{{listen|filename=Th-Bangkok ceremonial name.ogg|title=Full ceremonial name}}
{{blockquote|Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit<br/>{{Lang|th|กรุงเทพมหานคร อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ มหินทรายุธยา มหาดิลกภพ นพรัตนราชธานีบูรีรมย์ อุดมราชนิเวศน์มหาสถาน อมรพิมานอวตารสถิต สักกะทัตติยวิษณุกรรมประสิทธิ์}}}}

The name, composed of [[Pali]] and [[Sanskrit]] root words, translates as:<ref name="Royal Institute Newsletter" />

{{blockquote|City of angels,<!-- {{efn|Although 'city of angels' is a common translation, ''krung'' more precisely translates as 'capital'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thai2english.com/dictionary/1264888.html|title=กรุง - Thai / English dictionary meaning - กรุง ภาษาอังกฤษ แปล ความหมาย - thai2english.com|work=thai2english.com}}</ref>}} --> great city of immortals, magnificent city of the [[Navaratna|nine gems]], seat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by [[Vishvakarman]] at [[Indra]]'s behest.}}

The name is listed in ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the world's [[longest place name]], at 168 letters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Longest place name |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/67273-longest-place-name |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Guinness World Records |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322190956/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/67273-longest-place-name |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|In contrast to the 169-letter-long transcription provided above in this article, the form recorded in the Guinness World Records is missing the first letter "h" in ''Amonphimanawatansathit'', resulting in a word 168 letters long.}} Many Thais who recall the full name do so because of its use in the 1989 song "Krung Thep Maha Nakhon" by Thai rock band [[Asanee–Wasan]], the lyrics of which consist entirely of the city's full name, repeated throughout the song.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Heider, Carsten (a report by), Saarländischer Rundfunk (produced by), Perspektive Medienproduktion GmbH (English version) |date=26 November 2017 |title= Welcome to Bangkok, Thailand {{!}} DW Documentary |medium= YouTube video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xC4h7SA6sBc&t=1368 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/xC4h7SA6sBc| archive-date=2021-10-28|access-date=22 September 2020 |time=0:22:48 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Today, the city is officially known in Thai by a shortened form of the full ceremonial name, {{lang|th-Latn|Krung Thep Maha Nakhon}} ({{lang|th|กรุงเทพมหานคร}}), which is colloquially further shortened to {{lang|th-Latn|Krung Thep}} ({{lang|th|กรุงเทพฯ}}). {{lang|th-Latn|Krung}} {{lang|th|กรุง}} is a Thai word of [[Khmer language|Khmer]] origin,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Askew |first=Marc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt6FAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=Bangkok: Place, Practice and Representation |date=2004-08-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-65986-9 |language=en }}</ref> meaning 'capital, king',<ref>{{Cite RID|platform=web|access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref> while {{lang|th-Latn|thep}}, {{lang|th|เทพ}} is from Pali/Sanskrit ''[[deva (Hinduism)|deva]]'', meaning 'deity' or 'god'. The name is more commonly translated as 'City of Angels', which is also used to draw comparisons with Los Angeles in the United States, a comparably sized city with similar traffic issues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinclair |first1=Niall |title=Angels and demons: a tale of two cities (part one) |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/general/500375 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=Bangkok Post |date=18 March 2015 |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216105134/https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/general/500375 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another nickname sometimes used to refer to the city is The Big Mango, a tongue-in-cheek comparison to [[The Big Apple]] for New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/meaning/Big+Mango|title=Big Mango (noun)|work=Bangkok Post Learning|access-date=16 February 2024|archive-date=16 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216025942/https://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/meaning/Big+Mango|url-status=live}}</ref>