Editing Barcelonnette (section)

==History==

===Origins===
The Barcelonnette region was populated by [[Ligures]] from the 1st millennium BC onwards, and the arrival of the [[Celts]] several centuries later led to the formation of a mixed Celto-Ligurian people, the [[Vesubians]]. [[Polybius]] described the Vesubians as belligerent but nonetheless civilised and mercantile, and [[Julius Caesar]] praised their bravery.<ref>''Vallis Montium : Histoire de la vallée de Barcelonnette'', p.12 and p.15</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzsXAAAAYAAJ&dq=%C3%A9subiens&pg=PA31 Recherche sur la géographie ancienne et les antiquités du département des Basses-Alpes]'', p. 30, le col de la Magdeleine étant l'ancien nom du col de Larche, ''Colle della Maddalena'' in Italian.</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AncBAAAAQAAJ&dq=%C3%89subiens&pg=PA115 Dictionnaire historique et topographique de la Provence ancienne et moderne]'', page 115</ref> The work ''History of the Gauls'' also places the Vesubians in the Ubaye Valley.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=M8oWAAAAQAAJ&dq=ubaye&pg=RA2-PA218 Histoire des Gaules, et des conquêtes des Gaulois depuis leur origine jusqu'à la fondation de la Monarchie française]'', 1754</ref>

Following the [[History of Provence#The Roman Conquest of Provence|Roman conquest of Provence]], Barcelonnette was included in a small province with modern [[Embrun, Hautes-Alpes|Embrun]] as its capital and governed by Albanus Bassalus. This was integrated soon afterwards into [[Gallia Narbonensis]].<ref>''Vallis Montium : Histoire de la vallée de Barcelonnette'', p.16</ref> In 36 AD, Emperor [[Tiberius]] transferred Barcelonnette to the province of the [[Cottian Alps]]. The town was known as ''Rigomagensium'' under the [[Roman Empire]] and was the capital of a civitas (a provincial subdivision),<ref name="Collier15" >Raymond Collier, ''La Haute-Provence monumentale et artistique'', Digne, Imprimerie Louis Jean, 1986, p. 15</ref> though no Roman money has yet been found in the canton of Barcelonnette.<ref name="Collier37" >Raymond Collier, ''La Haute-Provence monumentale et artistique'', p. 37</ref>

===Medieval town===
The town of Barcelonnette was founded in 1231 by [[Ramon Berenguer IV of Provence|Ramon Berenguer IV]], [[Rulers of Provence|Count of Provence]]. According to Charles Rostaing, this act of formal "foundation", according certain privileges to the town, was a means of regenerating the destroyed town of ''Barcilona''.<ref name="Rostaing"/> The town was afforded a ''consulat'' (giving it the power to administer and defend itself) in 1240.<ref name="AHP">Under the direction of Édouard Baratier, Georges Duby, and Ernest Hildesheimer, ''Atlas historique. Provence, Comtat Venaissin, principauté d'Orange, comté de Nice, principauté de Monaco'', Librairie Armand Colin, Paris, 1969, p. 163</ref>

Control of the area in the [[Middle Ages]] swung between the [[Counts of Savoy]] and [[Rulers of Provence|of Provence]]. In 1388, after Count [[Louis II of Anjou|Louis II]] of Provence had left to conquer [[Naples]], the Count of Savoy [[Amadeus VIII of Savoy|Amadeus VIII]] took control of Barcelonnette; however, it returned to Provençal control in 1390, with the d'Audiffret family as its lords. On the death of Louis II in 1417 it reverted to Savoy, and, although Count [[René of Anjou|René]] again retook the area for Provence in 1471, it had returned to Savoyard dominance by the start of the 16th century, by which point the County of Provence had become united with the Kingdom of France due to the death of Count [[Charles IV, Duke of Anjou|Charles V]] in 1481.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7DQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA674 Google Books: Aristide Mathieu Guilbert, ''Histoire des Villes de France''. First book, pp. 674-676, Paris, 1844]</ref>

===Ancien Régime===
During [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]'s invasion of Provence in 1536, [[Francis I of France]] sent the [[Count of Fürstenberg]]'s 6000 ''[[Landsknechte]]'' to ravage the area in a [[scorched earth]] policy. Barcelonnette and the Ubaye Valley remained under French sovereignty until the second [[Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis]] on 3 April 1559.

In 1588 the troops of [[François de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières|François, Duke of Lesdiguières]] entered the town and set fire to the church and convent during their campaign against the Duke of Savoy. In 1600, after the [[Treaty of Vervins]], conflict returned between [[Henry IV of France]] and Savoy, and Lesdiguières retook Barcelonnette until the conclusion of the [[Treaty of Lyon (1601)|Treaty of Lyon]] on 17 January the following year. In 1628, during the [[War of the Mantuan Succession]], Barcelonnette and the other towns of the Ubaye Valley were pillaged and burned by Jacques du Blé d'Uxelles and his troops, as they passed through towards Italy to the [[Duke of Mantua]]'s aid. The town was retaken by the Duke of Savoy in 1630; and in 1691 it was captured by the troops of the Marquis de Vins during the [[War of the League of Augsburg]].

Between 1614 and 1713, Barcelonnette was the seat of one of the four prefectures under the jurisdiction of the Senate of Nice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jc.clariond.free.fr/dixneuf.html#19p4|title=HISTOIRE d'ALLOS TROISIEME PARTIE CHAPITRE V (19) de 1598–1628|website=jc.clariond.free.fr|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> At this time, the community of Barcelonnette successfully purchased the ''[[seigneurie]]'' of the town as it was put to auction by the Duke of Savoy; it thereby gained its own justicial powers.<ref name="Rébellion">Jean Nicolas, ''La Rébellion française : mouvements populaires et conscience sociale, 1661–1789'', Paris: Gallimard, 2008. Collection ''Folio'', {{ISBN|978-2-07-035971-4}}, p. 311</ref> In 1646, a college was founded in Barcelonnette.<ref name="histo_sous-pref">Prefecture of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, "[http://www.alpes-de-haute-provence.pref.gouv.fr/pages/sous-prefectures/barcelonnette/barcelonnette.html Histoire de l'Arrondissement de Barcelonnette] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218073152/http://www.alpes-de-haute-provence.pref.gouv.fr/pages/sous-prefectures/barcelonnette/barcelonnette.html |date=December 18, 2012 }}", ''Préfecture des Alpes de Haute-Provence'', accessed 23 June 2012</ref>

A "significant" part of the town's inhabitants had, by the 16th century, converted to [[Protestantism]], and were repressed during the [[French Wars of Religion]].<ref>Gabriel Audisio and Jean Jalla, ''Les protestants de la vallée de Barcelonnette'', expanded and updated edition from the brochure ''Les Vaudois à Barcelonnette''</ref>

The ''[[viguerie]]'' of Barcelonnette (also comprising [[Saint-Martin-d'Entraunes|Saint-Martin]] and [[Entraunes]]) was reattached to France in 1713 as part of a territorial exchange with the Duchy of Savoy during the [[Treaties of Utrecht]]. The town remained the site of a ''viguerie'' until the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="viguerie">''La Révolution dans les Basses-Alpes'', Annales de Haute-Provence, bulletin de la société scientifique et littéraire des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, no 307, 1st term 1989, 108th year, p 107</ref> A decree of the council of state on 25 December 1714 reunited Barcelonnete with the general government of Provence.

===Revolution===
Barcelonnette was one of few settlements in Haute-Provence to acquire a [[Masonic Lodge]] before the Revolution, in fact having two:
* the lodge of ''Saint-Jean-d'Écosse des amis réunis'', affiliated with the ''Saint-Jean-d'Écosse'' lodge in [[Marseille]];
* the lodge of ''Saint-Jean'', affiliated with the ''Saint-Jean-de-Jérusalem d'Avignon'' lodge founded in 1749.<ref name="AHP-c120">[[Robert-Henri Bautier]], "Les loges maçonniques (seconde moitié du XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle)", maps 120 and 121 and commentary ''in'' Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer, ''Atlas historique''</ref><ref name="Alphand">Patrice Alphand, "Les Sociétés populaires", ''La Révolution dans les Basses-Alpes'', Annales de Haute-Provence, bulletin de la société scientifique et littéraire des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, no 307, 1st term 1989, 108th year, p. 292</ref>

In March 1789, riots took place as a result of a crisis in wheat production.<ref name="Révolution11">''La Révolution dans les Basses-Alpes'', Annales de Haute-Provence, bulletin de la société scientifique et littéraire des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, no 307, 1st term 1989, 108th year, p. 11</ref> In July, the [[Great Fear]] of aristocratic reprisal against the ongoing [[French Revolution]] struck France, arriving in the Barcelonnette area on 31 July 1789 (when the news of the [[storming of the Bastille]] first reached the town) before spreading towards [[Digne]].<ref name="AHP-c154">[[Michel Vovelle]], "Les troubles de Provence en 1789", map 154 and commentary, ''in'' Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer, ''Atlas historique''</ref>

This agitation continued in the Ubaye Valley; a new revolt broke out on 14 June,<ref name="Révolution15">Annales de Haute-Provence, p. 15</ref> and famine was declared in April 1792. The patriotic society of the commune was one of the first 21 created in [[Alpes-de-Haute-Provence]], in spring 1792, by the envoys of the departmental administration.<ref name="Alphand296">Alphand, "Les Sociétés populaires", pp. 296–301</ref> Around a third of the male population attended at the club.<ref name="Alphand320">Alphand, "Les Sociétés populaires", p. 320</ref> Another episode of political violence occurred in August 1792.

Barcelonnette was the seat of the District of Barcelonnette from 1790 to 1800.

===Modern history===
[[File:Barcelonnette-Villas mexicaines-IMG 1240.JPG|thumb|left|A ''maison mexicaine'' in Barcelonnette]]
In December 1851, the town was home to a movement of republican resistance towards [[Napoleon III]]'s [[French coup of 1851|coup]]. Though only a minority of the population, the movement rebelled on Sunday 7 December, the day after the news of the coup arrived. Town officials and gendarmes were disarmed and placed in the [[maison d'arrêt]]. A committee of public health was created on 8 December; on 9 December the inhabitants of [[Jausiers]] and its surroundings formed a colony under the direction of general councillor Brès, and Mayor Signoret of [[Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye]]. This was stopped, however, on 10 December before it could reach Barcelonnette, as the priest of the subprefecture had intervened. On 11 December, several officials escaped and found refuge in [[Maddalena Pass|L'Argentière]] in Piedmont. The arrival of troops on 16 December put a final end to the republican resistance without bloodshed, and 57 insurgents were tried; 38 were condemned to deportation (though several were pardoned in April).

Between 1850 and 1950, Barcelonnette was the source of a wave of [[French immigration to Mexico|emigration to Mexico]]. Among these emigrants was Jean Baptiste Ebrard, founder of the [[Liverpool (store)|Liverpool]] department store chain in Mexico. On the edges of Barcelonnette and Jausiers there are several houses and villas of colonial style (known as ''maisons mexicaines''), constructed by emigrants to Mexico who returned to France between 1870 and 1930. A plaque in the town commemorates the deaths of ten Mexican citizens who returned to Barcelonnette to fight in the [[First World War]].

During the [[Second World War]], 26 Jews were arrested in Barcelonnette before being deported.<ref name="ajpn">AJPN, "[http://www.ajpn.org/departement-Alpes-de-Haute-Provence-4.html Département des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence en 1939-1945]", ''Anonymes, Justes et Persécutés durant la période nazie dans les communes de France'', accessed 25 May 2012</ref> The 89th ''compagnie de travailleurs étrangers'' (Company of Foreign Workers), consisting of foreigners judged as undesirable by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] and the [[Vichy France|Vichy regime]] and committed to forced labour, was established in Barcelonnette.<ref name="ajpn-cte">AJPN, "[http://www.ajpn.org/internement-89e-CTE-574.html 89e CTE]", ''Anonymes, Justes et Persécutés durant la période nazie dans les communes de France'', accessed 27 May 2012</ref><ref name="réfugiés">Josette Lesueur, Gérard Lesueur, ''Les travailleurs espagnols en Ubaye, 1939–1940'', Barcelonnette, Sabença de la Valeia, 2010, collection "Cahiers de la Vallée", {{ISBN|2-908103-54-0}}, p. 11</ref>

The 11th Battalion of ''[[Chasseurs alpins]]'' was garrisoned at Barcelonnette between 1948 and 1990.<ref name="11eBCA">Conseil général des AHP, "Un second souffle pour l'Ubaye?", ''Le Magazine du conseil général'', no. 70 June 2009, p. 6</ref>