Editing Bashkir language (section)

==Classification==
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2025}}
Bashkir together with [[Tatar language|Tatar]] belongs to the Kipchak-Bulgar ({{langx|ru|кыпчакско-булгарская}}) subgroup of the [[Kipchak languages]]. These languages have a similar vocabulary by 94.9%,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://milliard.tatar/news/bratya-navek-tatarskii-i-baskirskii-yazyki-sovpadayut-na-95-procentov-104 |script-website=ru:Миллиард Татар |language=ru |date=2021-01-21 |script-title=ru:Братья навек: татарский и башкирский языки совпадают на 95 процентов |trans-title=Brothers Forever: Tatar and Bashkir Languages Are 95 Percent Similar}}</ref> and they not only have common origin, but also a common ancestor in the written language — [[Volga Turki]].
However, Bashkir differs from Tatar in several important ways:
* Bashkir has dental fricatives {{IPAslink|θ}} and {{IPAslink|ð}} in the place of Turkic {{IPAslink|t}}, {{IPAslink|d}}, {{IPAslink|s}} and  {{IPAslink|z}}. For example, Turkish {{lang|tr|dost}} and Bashkir {{lang|ba|дуҫ}} ({{Transliteration|ba|duś}}), Turkish {{lang|tr|adım}} and Bashkir {{lang|ba|аҙым}} ({{Transliteration|ba|aźım}}), Turkish {{lang|tr|usta}} and Bashkir {{lang|ba|оҫта}} ({{Transliteration|ba|ośta}}), or Turkish {{lang|tr|uzun}} and Bashkir {{lang|ba|оҙон}} ({{Transliteration|ba|oźon}}). Bashkir {{IPAslink|θ}} and {{IPAslink|ð}}, however, cannot begin a word (there are exceptions: {{lang|ba|ҙур}} ({{Transliteration|ba|źur}}) {{IPA|ba|ðuɾ|}} {{gloss|big}}, and the particle/conjunction {{lang|ba|ҙа}} ({{Transliteration|ba|źa}}) {{IPA|ba|ða|}} or {{lang|ba|ҙә}} ({{Transliteration|ba|źä}}) {{IPA|ba|ðæ|}}. The only other Turkic language with a similar feature is [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]. However, in Bashkir, {{IPAslink|θ}} and {{IPAslink|ð}} are two independent phonemes, distinct from {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}}, whereas in Turkmen [θ] and [ð] are the two main [[Phone (phonetics)|realizations]] of the common Turkic {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}}. In other words, there are no {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}} phonemes in Turkmen, unlike Bashkir which has both {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|z}} and {{IPAslink|θ}} and {{IPAslink|ð}}.
* The word-initial and morpheme-initial {{IPAslink|s}} is turned into {{IPAslink|h}}. An example of both features can be Tatar {{lang|tt|сүз}} ({{lang|tt-Latn|süz}}) and Bashkir {{lang|ba|һүҙ}} ({{Transliteration|ba|hüź}}), both meaning "word".
* Common Turkic {{IPAslink|tʃ}} (Tatar {{IPAslink|ɕ}}) is turned into Bashkir {{IPAslink|s}}, e.g., Turkish {{lang|tr|ağaç}} {{IPA|tr|aˈatʃ|}}, Tatar {{lang|tt|агач}} ({{Transliteration|tt|ağaç}}) {{IPA|tt|ɑˈʁɑɕ|}} and Bashkir {{lang|ba|ағас}} ({{Transliteration|ba|ağas}}) {{IPA|ba|ɑˈʁɑs|}}, all meaning "tree".
* The word-initial {{IPAslink|ʑ}} in Tatar always corresponds to {{IPAslink|j}} in Standard Bashkir, e.g., Tatar {{lang|tt|җылы}} ({{Transliteration|tt|cılı}}) {{IPA|tt|ʑɤˈlɤ|}} and Bashkir {{lang|ba|йылы}} ({{Transliteration|ba|yılı}}) {{IPA|tt|jɯˈɫɯ|}}, both meaning "warm". However, the eastern and northern dialects of Bashkir have the {{IPAslink|j}} > /{{IPA link|ʑ}}~{{IPA link|ʒ}}/ shift.

The Bashkir orthography is more explicit. {{IPAslink|q}} and {{IPAslink|ʁ}} are written with their own letters '''Ҡ ҡ''' and '''Ғ ғ''', whereas in Tatar they are treated as positional allophones of {{IPAslink|k}} and {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, written '''К к''' and '''Г г'''.

Labial [[vowel harmony]] in Bashkir is written explicitly, e.g., Tatar {{lang|tt|тормышым}} ({{Transliteration|tt|tormışım}}) and Bashkir {{lang|ba|тормошом}} ({{Transliteration|ba|tormoşom}}, both pronounced {{IPA|[tʊɾ.mʊˈʂʊm]}}, meaning "my life".<ref name="Ufa">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bashlang/mode/2up |first1=B. |last1=Tuysin |first2=K. |last2=Shafikov |first3=I. |last3=Khanov |script-title=ru:Башкирский Язык |language=ru |trans-title=Bashkir Language |chapter=1 |location=Ufa |publisher=Bashkirsiy Gosudarstvennyy Universitet RB |year=2022}}</ref>