Editing Bashkirs (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Bashkortostan}}

===Origins===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}

The Bashkir group was formed by [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes of South Siberian and Central Asian origin, who, before migrating to the [[Southern Urals]], wandered for a considerable time in the [[Syr Darya|Aral-Syr Darya]] steppes (modern day central-southern [[Kazakhstan]]), coming into contact with the [[Pechenegs|Pecheneg-Oghuz]] and [[Kimek–Kipchak confederation|Kimak-Kipchak]] tribes. Therefore, it is possible to note that the Bashkir people originates from the same tribes which compose the modern [[Kazakhs]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyzes]] and [[Nogais]], but there has been a considerable cultural and a small ethnic exchange with [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] tribes.

The migration to the valley of the Southern Urals took place between the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 10th century, in parallel to the Kipchak migration to the north.

===Middle Ages===
{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Mausoleum of Huseynbek.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of Husseinbek of the 14th century in Bashkortostan]]
[[File:Mausoleum of Turahan.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of Turakhan of the 15th century in Bashkortostan]]
[[File:Bashkirs of Baymak rayon.jpg|thumb|Bashkirs of [[Baymak]] in traditional dress]]

The first report about Bashkirs may have been in the [[Chinese people|Chinese]] chronicle [[Book of Sui]] (636 AD). Around 40 Turkic [[Tiele people|Tiele]] tribes were named in the section "A Narration about the Tiele people"; Bashkirs might have been included within that narration, if the tribal name 比干 ([[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] ''Bǐgān'' ← [[Middle Chinese]] [[Zhengzhang Shangfang|ZS]]: *''piɪ<sup>X</sup>-kɑn'') (in ''[[Book of Wei]]'') were a scribal error for 比千 (''Bĭqiān'' ← *''piɪ<sup>X</sup>t͡sʰen'') (in ''[[History of the Northern Dynasties]]''), the latter reading being favored by Chinese scholar Rui Chuanming.<ref>{{citation|last=Cheng|first=Fangyi|title=The Research on the Identification Between Tiele and the Oghuric Tribes|url=https://www.academia.edu/4314856|language=en|pages=83–84}}</ref>

In the 7th century, Bashkirs were also mentioned in the Armenian [[Ashkharatsuyts]].

However, these mentions may refer to the precursors of the [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] Bashkir tribes who travelled in the Aral-Syr Darya region before the migration. The [[Book of Sui]] may have mentioned "Bashkirs" when the Turkic peoples were still travelling through [[South Siberia|southern Siberia.]]

In the 9th century, during the migration of the Bashkirs to the Volga-Ural region, the first [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]-written reports about Bashkirs are attested. These include reports by Sallam al-Tardjuman who around 850 travelled to the Bashkir territories and outlined their borders.

In the 10th century, the Persian historian and polymath [[Abu Zayd al-Balkhi]] described Bashkirs as a people divided into two groups: one inhabiting the Southern Urals, the other living on the [[Wallachian Plain]]–[[Danubian_Plain_(Bulgaria)|Danubian Plain]] near the boundaries of [[Byzantium]].<ref group="A">These sources may have confused Bashkirs with [[Hungarians]], since the area of Modern Bashkortostan is often referred as "[[Magna Hungaria]]", the zone where the [[Magyar tribes]] dwelled before their migration to Europe; it is believed that Bashkirs may have come into contact with these Magyar tribes, since some of the Northern Tribes of the modern Bashkirs do have genetic correspondence with Hungarians</ref> [[Ibn Rustah]], a contemporary of [[Abu Zayd al-Balkhi]], observed that Bashkirs were an independent people occupying territories on both sides of the [[Ural Mountains]] ridge between [[Volga River|Volga]], [[Kama River|Kama]], and [[Tobol River]]s and upstream of the [[Ural River|Yaik river]].

[[Ahmad ibn Fadlan]], ambassador of the Baghdad Caliph [[Al-Muqtadir]] to the governor of [[Volga Bulgaria]], wrote the first ethnographic description of the Bashkir in 922. The Bashkirs, according to Ibn Fadlan, were a warlike and powerful people, which he and his companions (a total of five thousand people, including military protection) "bewared... with the greatest threat". They were described as engaged in cattle breeding. According to ibn Fadlan, the Bashkirs worshipped twelve gods: winter, summer, rain, wind, trees, people, horses, water, night, day, death, heaven and earth, and the most prominent, the sky god. Apparently, Islam had already begun to spread among the Bashkirs, as one of the ambassadors was a Muslim Bashkir. According to the testimony of Ibn Fadlan, the Bashkirs were [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], living on the southern slopes of the [[Ural Mountains|Urals]], and occupying a vast territory up to the river [[Volga River|Volga]]. They were bordered by [[Oghuz Turks]] on the south, [[Pechenegs]] to the south-east and [[Bulgars]] on the west.

The earliest source to give a geographical description of Bashkir territory, [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]]'s ''Divanu Lugat'it Turk'' (1072–1074), includes a map with a charted region called ''Fiyafi Bashqyrt'' (the Bashkir steppes). Despite a lack of much geographic detail, the sketch map does indicate that the Bashkirs inhabited a territory bordering on the [[Caspian Sea]] and the [[Volga River|Volga]] valley in the west, the Ural Mountains in the north-west, and the [[Irtysh River|Irtysh]] valley in the east, thus giving a rough outline of the area.

[[Said Al-Andalusi]] and [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] mention the Bashkir in the 12th century. The 13th-century authors [[Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi]], [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] and [[Zakariya al-Qazwini|Qazvini]] and the 14th-century authors [[Al-Dimashqi (geographer)|Al-Dimashqi]] and [[Abu'l-Fida]] also wrote about Bashkirs.

The first European sources to mention the Bashkirs were the works of [[Giovanni da Pian del Carpini|Joannes de Plano Carpini]] and [[William of Rubruck|William of Rubruquis]] of the 13th century.

By 1226, [[Genghis Khan]] had incorporated the lands of Bashkortostan into his empire. During the 13th and 14th centuries, all of Bashkortostan was a component of the [[Golden Horde]]. The brother of [[Batu Khan|Batu-Khan]], Sheibani, received the Bashkir lands east of the [[Ural Mountains]].

After the disintegration of the [[Mongol Empire]], the Bashkirs were divided among the [[Nogai Horde]], the [[Khanate of Kazan]] and the [[Khanate of Sibir]], founded in the 15th century.

===Early modern period===
[[File:Башкирские казаки в Европе.jpg|thumb|Bashkir riders]]
[[File:Basjkier in Veessen bij de haven.jpg|thumb|Bashkir sculpture in the haven of [[Veessen]], [[Netherlands]]]][[File:Башкиры в Париже.jpg|thumb|Bashkirs in Paris during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], 1814]][[File:Allan, David - Bashkirs - 1814.jpg|thumb|''Bashkirs'' [[William Allan (painter)|William Allan]], 1814]][[File:Башкиры на празднике Джиен.jpg|thumb|Bashkirs at the Jien festival]]

In the middle of the 16th century, Bashkirs were gradually conquered by the [[Tsardom of Russia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=1-57958-468-3|editor-last=Skutsch|editor-first=Carl|location=New York|pages=188, 189}}</ref> Primary documents pertaining to the Bashkirs during this period have been lost, although some are mentioned in the ''shezhere'' (family trees) of the Bashkir.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}}

During the Russian Imperial period, Russians and Tatars began to migrate to Bashkortostan which led to eventual demographic changes in the region. The recruitment of Bashkirs into the Russian army and having to pay steep taxes pressured many Bashkirs to adopt a more settled lifestyle and to slowly abandon their ancient nomadic pastoralist past.<ref name=":0" />

In the late 16th and early 19th centuries, Bashkirs occupied the territory from the river [[Sylva River|Sylva]] in the north, to the river heads of [[Tobol]] in the east, the mid-stream of the river [[Ural River|Yaik]] (Ural) in the south; in the Middle and Southern Urals, the Cis-Urals including Volga territory and Trans-Uralsto, and the eastern bank of the [[Volga River|river Volga]] on the south-west.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}}

===Bashkir rebellions of the 17th–18th centuries===
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2019}}

The Bashkirs participated in the [[Bashkir rebellion (1662–1664)|1662–64]], [[Bashkir rebellion of 1681–1684|1681–84]] and [[Bashkir Uprising (1704–11)|1704–11]] uprisings. In 1676, the Bashkirs rebelled under a leader named Seyid Sadir or 'Seit Sadurov', and the [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian Army]] had great difficulties in ending the rebellion. The Bashkirs rose again in 1707, under Aldar and Kûsyom, due to perceived ill-treatment by Imperial Russian officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/5874|title=Opinion: Lessons from History: Russia's Repression of the Bashkirs|first=Askold S.|last=Lozynskyj|website=Get the Latest Ukraine News Today - KyivPost|date=26 December 2022 }}</ref>

At the founding of [[Orenburg Oblast|Orenburg]] in 1735, the [[Bashkir rebellion of 1735–1740|fourth insurrection]] occurred in 1735 and lasted six years.<ref>Акманов И. Г. Башкирские восстания XVII–XVIII вв. Феномен в истории народов Евразии. – Уфа: Китап, 2016</ref> Ivan Kirillov formed a plan to build the fort to be called Orenburg at [[Orsk]] at the confluence of the [[Or River]] and the [[Ural River]], south-east of the Urals where the Bashkir, Kalmyk and Kazakh lands met. Work on Fort Orenburg commenced at Orsk in 1735. However, by 1743 the site of [[Orenburg]] was moved a further 250&nbsp;km west to its current location. The next planned construction was to be a fort on the [[Aral Sea]]. The consequence of the Aral Sea fort would involve crossing Bashkir and the [[Little jüz|Kazakh Lesser Horde]] lands, some of whom had recently offered a nominal submission to the Russian Crown.

The southern side of Bashkiria was partitioned by the Orenburg Line of forts. The forts ran from [[Samara, Russia|Samara]] on the Volga east as far as the [[Samara (Volga)|Samara River]] headwaters. It then crossed to the middle of the [[Ural River]] and following the river course east and then north on the eastern side of the Urals. It then went east along the [[Uy River (Tobol basin)|Uy River]] to Ust-Uisk on the [[Tobol River]] where it connected to the ill-defined 'Siberian Line' along the forest-steppe boundary.

In 1774, the Bashkirs, under the leadership of [[Salawat Yulayev|Salavat Yulayev]], supported [[Pugachev's Rebellion]]. In 1786, the Bashkirs achieved tax-free status; and in 1798 Russia formed an [[Irregular military|irregular]] Bashkir army from among them.

===Napoleonic Wars===
[[File:Baschkiren gegen Franzosen.jpg|thumb|Bashkirs against French soldiers]]

During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], many Bashkirs served as mercenaries in the Russian army to defend from the [[France|French]] invaders during [[French invasion of Russia|Napoleon's invasion of Russia]].<ref name="rbth.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/07/29/how_russias_steppe_warriors_took_on_napoleons_armies_37029|title=How Russia's steppe warriors took on Napoleon's armies|last1=Vershinin|first1=Alexander|last2=RIR|first2=specially for|date=2014-07-29|website=www.rbth.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Subsequently, the Bashkir battalions were the most notable fighters during the Napoleonic wars on the north German and Dutch plateau. The Dutch and the Germans called the Bashkirs "Northern Amurs", probably because the population was not aware of who the Bashkirs actually were or where they came from, therefore the usage of "[[Amur]]s" in the name may be an approximation; these battalions were considered as the liberators from the [[First French Empire|French]], however modern Russian military sources do not credit the Bashkirs with these accomplishments. These regiments also served in the [[Battle of Paris (1814)|Battle of Paris]] and the subsequent [[Occupation of France 1815-1818|occupation of France]] by the coalition forces.<ref name="rbth.com"/>

===Establishment of First Republic of Bashkortostan===
[[File:Holiday Bashkir national costume 65.jpg|thumb|Bashkirs in traditional national costume]]

After the [[Russian Revolution]], the All-Bashkir Qoroltays (convention) concluded that it was necessary to form an independent Bashkir republic within Russia. As a result, on 15 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (central) Shuro (Council), ruled by [[Zeki Velidi Togan|Äxmätzäki Wälidi Tıwğan]] proclaimed the establishment of the first independent Bashkir Republic in areas of predominantly Bashkir population: Orenburg, Perm, Samara, Ufa provinces and the autonomous entity [[Bashkurdistan]] on November 15, 1917. This effectively made Bashkortostan the first ever [[Democracy|democratic]] [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[republic]] in history.

===Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic===
In March 1919, the [[Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] was formed based on agreements of the Russian Government.

===World War II===
[[File:Bashkir elder.jpg|thumb|This Bashkir wears a medallion, which identifies him as the village chief. Photo by G. Fisher, Orenburg, 1892]]
[[File:Давлеканово. Кумысники.jpg|thumb|[[Davlekanovo]] ([[Ufa Governorate]]). [[Kumis]] cooking, the beginning of the 20th century]]
[[File:Башкиры в Оренбурге.1913.jpg|thumb|Bashkirs in [[Orenburg]], at the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the victory in the [[Patriotic War of 1812]], 1913]]

During [[World War II]], Bashkir soldiers served in the [[Red Army]] to defend the [[Soviet Union]] and fought against the Germans during the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ibragimov|first=N. G.|date=1988|title=[Public and private aid to evacuated hospitals in the Bashkir ASSR during the years of the war]|journal=Sovetskoe Zdravookhranenie|issue=3|pages=64–67|issn=0038-5239|pmid=3287647}}</ref>

===Second declaration of independence===
On October 11, 1990, Declaration of State Sovereignty by the Supreme Council of the Republic was proclaimed. On March 31, 1992 [[Bashkortostan]] signed a federal agreement on the delimitation of powers and areas of jurisdiction and the nature of contractual relations between the authorities of the [[Russian Federation]] and the authorities of the sovereign republics in its composition including the [[Republic of Bashkortostan]].