Editing Benchmarking (section)

== Procedure ==
There is no single benchmarking process that has been universally adopted. The wide appeal and acceptance of benchmarking has led to the emergence of benchmarking methodologies. One seminal book is Boxwell's ''Benchmarking for Competitive Advantage'' (1994).<ref>{{cite book |title=Benchmarking for Competitive Advantage |first=Robert J|last= Boxwell Jr |year=1994 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=Robert J Boxwell Jr, New York |isbn=0-07-006899-2 |pages=225 }}</ref> The first book on benchmarking, written and published by Kaiser Associates,<ref>{{cite book |title=Beating the competition: a practical guide to Benchmarking |year=1988 |publisher=Kaiser Associates |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-1-56365-018-5 |pages=176 |url=http://www.kaiserassociates.com/cs/first_book_on_benchmarking |access-date=2009-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827003927/http://www.kaiserassociates.com/cs/first_book_on_benchmarking |archive-date=2009-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a practical guide and offers a seven-step approach. Robert Camp (who wrote one of the earliest books on benchmarking in 1989)<ref>Camp, R. (1989). The search for industry best practices that lead to superior performance. Productivity Press.</ref> developed a 12-stage approach to benchmarking.

The 12 stage methodology consists of:
# Select subject
# Define the process
# Identify potential partners
# Identify data sources
# Collect data and select all partners
# Determine the gap
# Establish process differences
# Target future performance
# Communicate
# Adjust goal
# Implement
# Review and recalibrate

The following is an example of a typical benchmarking methodology:

* Identify problem areas: Because benchmarking can be applied to any business process or function, a range of research techniques may be required. They include informal conversations with customers, employees, or suppliers; [[qualitative marketing research|exploratory research]] techniques such as [[focus group]]s; or in-depth [[marketing research]], [[Quantitative marketing research|quantitative research]], [[Statistical survey|surveys]], [[questionnaire construction|questionnaires]], re-engineering analysis, process mapping, quality control variance reports, financial ratio analysis, or simply reviewing cycle times or other performance indicators. Before embarking on comparison with other organizations it is essential to know the organization's function and processes; base lining performance provides a point against which improvement effort can be measured.
* Identify other industries that have similar processes: For instance, if one were interested in improving hand-offs in addiction treatment one would identify other fields that also have hand-off challenges. These could include air traffic control, cell phone switching between towers, transfer of patients from surgery to recovery rooms.
* Identify organizations that are leaders in these areas: Look for the very best in any industry and in any country. Consult customers, suppliers, financial analysts, trade associations, and magazines to determine which companies are worthy of study.
* Survey companies for measures and practices: Companies target specific business processes using detailed surveys of measures and practices used to identify business process alternatives and leading companies. Surveys are typically masked to protect confidential data by neutral associations and consultants.
* Visit the "best practice" companies to identify leading edge practices: Companies typically agree to mutually exchange information beneficial to all parties in a benchmarking group and share the results within the group.
* Implement new and improved business practices: Take the leading edge practices and develop implementation plans which include identification of specific opportunities, funding the project and selling the ideas to the organization for the purpose of gaining demonstrated value from the process.