Editing Billy Graham (section)

===Crusades===
{{main|List of Billy Graham's crusades}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 194-0798-29, Düsseldorf, Veranstaltung mit Billy Graham.jpg|thumb|Graham speaking at a Crusade in [[Düsseldorf]], West Germany, on June 21, 1954.]]

The first Billy Graham Crusade was held on September 13–21, 1947, at the [[Welsh Auditorium|Civic Auditorium]] in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], and was attended by 6,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2018 |title=Remembering the Billy Graham Crusades That Led People to Jesus |url=https://www2.cbn.com/news/us/remembering-billy-graham-crusades-led-people-jesus |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=[[Christian Broadcasting Network]]}}</ref> Graham was 28 years old then, and would rent a large venue (such as a stadium, park, or even a street); as the crowds became larger, he arranged for a group of up to 5,000 people to sing in a choir. He would preach the [[gospel]] and invite individuals to come forward (a practice begun by [[Dwight L. Moody]]); such people were called "inquirers" and were given the chance to speak one-on-one with a counselor to clarify questions and pray together. The inquirers were often given a copy of the [[Gospel of John]] or a Bible study booklet.

In 1949, Graham scheduled a series of [[revival meeting]]s in [[Los Angeles Crusade (1949)|Los Angeles]], for which he erected circus tents in a parking lot.<ref name="cincinnati post" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Burke |first=Daniel |date=February 21, 2018 |title=How Billy Graham became the most famous preacher in America |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/21/us/how-billy-graham-became-famous/index.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> He attracted national media coverage, especially in the conservative [[William Randolph Hearst|Hearst chain]] of newspapers, although Hearst and Graham never met.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/jcs/39.2.273 |jstor=23919865 |title=When Worlds Collide: Politics, Religion, and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=273–95 |year=1997 |last1=King |first1=Randall E.}}</ref> The crusade event ran for eight weeks–five weeks longer than originally planned. Graham became a national figure, with heavy coverage from the wire services and national magazines.<ref>William Martin, "The Riptide of Revival", ''Christian History and Biography'' (2006), Issue 92, pp. 24–29, online</ref> Pianist [[Rudy Atwood]], who played for the tent meetings, wrote that they "rocketed Billy Graham into national prominence, and resulted in the conversion of a number of show-business personalities".<ref>{{cite book|first=Rudy|last=Atwood|title=The Rudy Atwood Story|publisher=Revell|year=1970|location=Old Tappan, New Jersey|oclc=90745|page=113}}</ref>

In 1953, Graham was offered a five-year, $1&nbsp;million contract from [[NBC]] to appear on television opposite [[Arthur Godfrey]], but he had prior commitments and turned-down the offer to continue his live touring revivals.<ref name="satevepost" /> Graham held crusades in London that lasted 12 weeks, and a [[New York Crusade (1957)|New York City crusade]] at [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]], in 1957, ran nightly for 16 weeks. At a 1973 rally, attended by 100,000 people, in [[Durban]], South Africa—the first large mixed-race event in [[apartheid]] South Africa—Graham openly declared that "apartheid is a sin".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cswc.div.ed.ac.uk/2018/03/billy-graham-1918-2018-prophet-of-world-christianity/|title=Billy Graham (1918–2018): Prophet of World Christianity?|last=Stanley|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Stanley (historian)|date=March 2, 2018|website=Centre for the Study of World Christianity|language=en-GB|access-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AUDIO: Billy Graham Confronts Racism, Teaches God Loves Everyone|url=https://billygraham.org/audio/confronting-racism-billy-graham-teaches-god-loves-everyone/|access-date=November 22, 2020|website=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association}}</ref> In [[Moscow|Moscow, Russia]], in 1992, one-quarter of the 155,000 people in Graham's audience went-forward at his call.<ref name="time1993" /> During his crusades, he frequently used the [[altar call]] song, "[[Just As I Am (hymn)#Altar Song in the Billy Graham crusades|Just As I Am]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eckstrom |first=Kevin |date=February 21, 2018 |title='Just As I Am' was Billy Graham's signature hymn |url=https://religionnews.com/2018/02/21/just-as-i-am-was-billy-grahams-signature-hymn/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=[[Religion News Service]]}}</ref> In 1995, during the Global Mission event, he preached a sermon at [[Estadio Hiram Bithorn]] in [[San Juan (Puerto Rico)|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]], that was transmitted by satellite to 185 countries and translated into 116 languages.<ref>Andrew S. Finstuen, Anne Blue Wills, Grant Wacker, ''Billy Graham: American Pilgrim'', Oxford University Press, UK, 2017, p. 104</ref>

[[File:Countries that preacher Billy Graham visited for his crusades.jpg|thumb|Countries in which Billy Graham preached are colored in blue.]]

By the time of his last crusade in 2005 in New York City, he had preached  417 live crusades, including 226 in the US and 195 abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grossman |first=Cathy Lynn |date=February 21, 2018 |title=Billy Graham reached millions through his crusades. Here's how he did it |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/02/21/billy-graham-crusades-how-evangelists-reached-millions/858165001/ |access-date=October 11, 2023 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Billy Graham Crusades |url=https://billygraham.org/news/media-resources/electronic-press-kit/crusade-cities/crusades/ |access-date=June 5, 2023 |website=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Usborne |date=June 24, 2005 |title=Billy Graham and the Last Crusade |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/billy-graham-and-the-last-crusade-294716.html |work=The Independent}}</ref>

====Student ministry====
Graham spoke at InterVarsity Christian Fellowship's [[Urbana (conference)|Urbana Student Missions Conference]] at least nine times – in 1948, 1957, 1961, 1964, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1984, and 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.intervarsity.org/news/billy-graham-intervarsity--new-york-city-1788 |title=Billy Graham, InterVarsity & New York City |publisher=intervarsity.org |date=June 21, 2005 |access-date=February 21, 2013}}</ref>

At each Urbana conference, he challenged the thousands of attendees to make a commitment to follow Jesus Christ for the rest of their lives. He often quoted a six-word phrase that was reportedly written in the Bible of [[William Whiting Borden]], the son of a wealthy silver magnate: "No reserves, no retreat, no regrets".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://home.snu.edu/~hculbert/regret.htm |title=William Borden: No Reserves. No Retreats. No Regrets |publisher=Home.snu.edu |access-date=February 21, 2013}}</ref> Borden had died in Egypt on his way to the mission field.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2018 |title=InterVarsity Remembers Billy Graham |url=https://intervarsity.org/news/intervarsity-remembers-billy-graham |access-date=March 19, 2022 |website=InterVarsity |language=en}}</ref>

Graham also held evangelistic meetings on a number of college campuses: at the University of Minnesota during InterVarsity's "Year of Evangelism" in 1950–51, a 4-day mission at Yale University in 1957, and a week-long series of meetings at the University of North Carolina's Carmichael Auditorium in September 1982.<ref>''For Christ and the University: The Story of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship of the USA – 1940–1990'' by Keith Hunt and Gladys Hunt, InterVarsity Press, 1991.{{Page needed|date=March 2018}}</ref>

In 1955, he was invited by Cambridge University students to lead the mission at the university; the mission was arranged by the [[Cambridge Inter-Collegiate Christian Union]], with London pastor-theologian [[John Stott]] serving as Graham's chief assistant. This invitation was greeted with much disapproval in the correspondence columns of ''[[The Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Oliver Barclay |url=https://share.trin.cam.ac.uk/sites/public/Alumni/obituaries/Oliver_Barclay.pdf |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London |date=October 4, 2013 |access-date=December 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210183950/https://share.trin.cam.ac.uk/sites/public/Alumni/obituaries/Oliver_Barclay.pdf |archive-date=December 10, 2014 }}</ref>

====Evangelistic association====
In 1950, Graham founded the [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] (BGEA) with its headquarters in [[Minneapolis]]. The association relocated to [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], in 2003,<ref name="BG">{{cite web | title=Billy Graham | website=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association | date=September 1, 2020 | url=https://billygraham.org/about/biographies/billy-graham/ | access-date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> and maintains a number of international offices, such as in Hong Kong, Tokyo, and [[Buenos Aires]].<ref name=":0" /> BGEA ministries have included:

* ''[[Hour of Decision]]'', a weekly radio program broadcast around the world for 66 years (1950–2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wfmynews2.com/article/news/local/rev-billy-graham-his-life-by-the-numbers-years-and-millions/83-523431321|title=Rev. Billy Graham: His Life By The Numbers, Years, and Millions|date=February 26, 2018 |publisher=WFMY|access-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref>
* Mission television specials broadcast in almost every market in the US and Canada{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}
* A syndicated newspaper column, ''My Answer'', carried by newspapers across the United States and distributed by [[Tribune Content Agency]]<ref name="tca">{{cite web |title=My Answer: From the writings of the Rev. Billy Graham |website=Tribune Content Agency |url=https://tribunecontentagency.com/premium-content/advice/my-answer/ |access-date=October 9, 2018}}</ref>
* ''Decision'' magazine, the official publication of the association<ref>{{cite web|title=Formats and Editions of Decision magazine|url=https://www.worldcat.org/formats-editions/14192314|publisher=[[WorldCat]]|access-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref>
* ''[[Christianity Today]],'' started in 1956 with [[Carl F. H. Henry]] as its first editor<ref>{{Cite journal |last=TOULOUSE |first=MARK G. |date=1993 |title="Christianity Today" and American Public Life: A Case Study |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=241–284 |doi=10.1093/jcs/35.2.241 |jstor=23918687 |issn=0021-969X}}</ref>
* Passageway.org, the website for a youth discipleship program created by BGEA<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adewara |first=Bola |date=February 23, 2018 |title=30 FACTS YOU DID NOT KNOW ABOUT BILLY GRAHAM – By Bola Adewara |url=https://elifeonline.net/11828-2/ |access-date=March 19, 2022 |website=Reporting the living Word |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[World Wide Pictures]], which has produced and distributed more than 130 films<ref>John Lyden, ''The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film'', Taylor & Francis, Abingdon-on-Thames, 2009, p. 82</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Billy Graham |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0333932/bio#trivia |access-date=March 19, 2022 |website=IMDb |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2013, the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association started "My Hope With Billy Graham", the largest outreach in its history. It encouraged church members to spread the gospel in small group meetings, after showing a video message by Graham. "The idea is for Christians to follow the example of the disciple [[Matthew the Apostle|Matthew]] in the New Testament and spread the gospel in their own homes."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2013/04/new_billy_graham_outreach_host.html |title=New Billy Graham outreach: Hosting 'Matthew parties' to share the gospel |publisher=al.com |access-date=August 12, 2013|date=April 16, 2013 }}</ref> "The Cross" video is the main program in the My Hope America series, and was also broadcast the week of Graham's 95th birthday.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Evangelist Billy Graham to mark 95th birthday with message to America | last=Jenkins | first=Colleen |work=[[Reuters]] | date=October 31, 2013 | access-date=November 6, 2018 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-people-graham/evangelist-billy-graham-to-mark-95th-birthday-with-message-to-america-idUSBRE99U14020131031}}</ref>

====Civil rights movement====
Graham's early crusades were [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregated]], but he began adjusting his approach in the 1950s.{{sfn|Schier|2013|pages=404–5}} During a 1953 rally in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Graham tore down the ropes that organizers had erected to segregate the audience into racial sections. In his memoirs, he recounted that he told two ushers to leave the barriers down "or you can go on and have the revival without me."{{sfn|Miller|2009|pp=13–38}} During a sermon held at [[Vanderbilt University]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] on August 23, 1954, he warned a white audience, "Three-fifths of the world is not white. They are rising all over the world. We have been proud and thought we were better than any other race, any other people. Ladies and gentlemen, I want to tell you that we are going to stumble into hell because of our pride."<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 25, 1954 |title=Text Of Second Graham Sermon, Delivered To Capacity Crowd In VU Gym |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/nashville-banner-text-of-second-graham-s/138495295/ |access-date=January 10, 2024 |work=[[Nashville Banner]] |page=6 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref>{{sfn|Miller|2009|pp=13–38}}

In 1957, Graham's stance towards integration became more publicly shown when he allowed black ministers Thomas Kilgore and [[Gardner C. Taylor]] to serve as members of his New York Crusade's executive committee.<ref name=grahammlik/> He also invited [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], whom he first met during the [[Montgomery bus boycott]] in 1955,<ref name=grahammlik /> to join him in the pulpit at his 16-week revival in New York City, where 2.3&nbsp;million gathered at [[Madison Square Garden]], [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]], and [[Times Square]] to hear them.<ref name="cincinnati post" /> Graham recalled in his autobiography that during this time, he and King developed a close friendship and that he was eventually one of the few people who referred to King as "Mike", a nickname which King asked only his closest friends to call him.<ref>[http://www.billygraham.org/articlepage.asp?articleid=8423 Remembering Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: Gun Fire 45 Years Ago Kills Man that Billy Graham Considered a Friend] Billy Graham.com, April 4, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2013</ref> Following King's assassination in 1968, Graham mourned that the US had lost "a social leader and a prophet".<ref name=grahammlik /> In private, Graham advised King and other members of the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]] (SCLC).{{sfn|Aikman|2010|pp=195–203}}

Despite their friendship, tensions between Graham and King emerged in 1958, when the sponsoring committee of a crusade that took place in [[San Antonio]], Texas, on July 25 arranged for Graham to be introduced by that state's segregationist governor, [[Price Daniel]].<ref name=grahammlik /> On July 23, King sent a letter to Graham and informed him that allowing Daniel to speak at a crusade which occurred the night before the state's Democratic Primary "can well be interpreted as your endorsement of racial segregation and discrimination."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol4/23-July-1958_ToGraham.pdf |title=To Billy Graham |access-date=December 9, 2013 |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031211839/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol4/23-July-1958_ToGraham.pdf }}</ref> Graham's advisor, Grady Wilson, replied to King that "even though we do not see eye to eye with him on every issue, we still love him in Christ."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol4/28-July-1958_FromWilson.pdf |title=From Grady Wilson |access-date=December 9, 2013 |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031212047/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol4/28-July-1958_FromWilson.pdf }}</ref> Though Graham's appearance with Daniel dashed King's hopes of holding joint crusades with Graham in the Deep South,{{sfn|Aikman|2010|pp=195–203}} the two remained friends; the next year King told a Canadian television audience that Graham had taken a "very strong stance against segregation."{{sfn|Aikman|2010|pp=195–203}} Graham and King would also come to differ on the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name=grahammlik /> After King's "[[Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence|Beyond Vietnam]]" speech denouncing US intervention in Vietnam, Graham castigated him and others for their criticism of US foreign policy.<ref name=grahammlik />

By the middle of 1960, King and Graham traveled together to the Tenth Baptist World Congress of the [[Baptist World Alliance]].<ref name=grahammlik /> In 1963, Graham posted bail for King to be released from jail during the [[Birmingham campaign|Birmingham (Alabama) campaign]], according to Michael Long,{{sfn|Long|2008|pp=150–151}} and the King Center acknowledged that Graham had bailed King out of jail during the [[Albany Movement]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/theme/2179|title=The Archive – The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change|website=thekingcenter.org|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315074536/http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/theme/2179|archive-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref> although historian Steven Miller told CNN he could not find any proof of the incident.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/22/us/billy-graham-mlk-civil-rights/index.html |title=Where Billy Graham 'missed the mark' |date=February 22, 2018 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |first=John |last=Blake}}</ref> Graham held integrated crusades in Birmingham on Easter of 1964, in the aftermath of the [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing|bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church]], and toured Alabama again in the wake of the violence that accompanied the first [[Selma to Montgomery marches|Selma to Montgomery march]] in 1965.<ref name=grahammlik />

Following Graham's death, former SCLC official and future Atlanta politician [[Andrew Young]] (who spoke alongside [[Coretta Scott King]] at Graham's 1994 crusade in Atlanta),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gM6KphyINsC&q=andrew+young+wife+1994+billy+graham&pg=PA64|title=Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America|page=64|first1=Michael O.|last1=Emerson|first2=Christian|last2=Smith|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514707-0|date=July 20, 2000|access-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref> acknowledged his friendship with Graham and stated that Graham did in fact travel with King to the 1965 European Baptist Convention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.11alive.com/video/news/billy-graham-passes-away-andrew-young-remembers-the-reverend/85-8015124|title=Billy Graham passes away: Andrew Young remembers the reverend|access-date=April 5, 2018}}</ref> Young also claimed that Graham had often invited King to his crusades in the Northern states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/rev-billy-graham-remembered-as-a-friend-to-the-civil-rights-movement|title=Civil rights leader reflects on Billy Graham's impact on Atlanta, movement|last=FOX|date=February 22, 2018|access-date=April 5, 2018}}</ref> Former [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC) leader and future United States Congressman [[John Lewis]] also credited Graham as a major inspiration for his activism.<ref name=lewisspeaks>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PqRiItBO-E Billy Graham passes away: Congressman John Lewis remembers the reverend] [[WXIA-TV|11 Alive]], February 21, 2018, Accessed October 6, 2020</ref> Lewis described Graham as a "saint" and someone who "taught us how to live and who taught us how to die".<ref name=lewisspeaks />

Graham's faith prompted his maturing view of race and segregation. He told a member of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] that integration was necessary, primarily for religious reasons. "There is no scriptural basis for segregation," Graham argued. "The ground at the foot of the cross is level, and it touches my heart when I see whites standing shoulder to shoulder with blacks at the cross."<ref name="baptisthistory">{{cite news |title=Billy Graham: an appreciation |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-87912863.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829105151/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-87912863.html |archive-date=August 29, 2011 |publisher=Baptist History and Heritage |date=June 22, 2006 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Cleared_version_Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_The_Reverend_Billy_Graham.png|thumb|Graham at the World Congress of Evangelism at [[West Berlin]], 1966 with [[Haile Selassie|Emperor Haile Selassie I]] of Ethiopia]]

==== Lausanne Movement ====
The friendship between Graham and John Stott led to a further partnership in the [[Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization|Lausanne Movement]], of which Graham was a founder. It built on Graham's 1966 World Congress on Evangelism in [[Berlin]].{{clarify|date=December 2013}} In collaboration with ''[[Christianity Today]]'', Graham convened what ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine described as "a formidable forum, possibly the widest–ranging meeting of Christians ever held"<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Religion: A Challenge from Evangelicals |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879423,00.html |magazine=Time |date=August 5, 1974 |access-date=December 12, 2013}}</ref> with 2,700 participants from 150 nations gathering for the [[First International Congress on World Evangelization|International Congress on World Evangelization]]. Women were represented by [[Millie Dienert]], who chaired the prayer committee.<ref>{{cite news|title=Churchwoman to give talk|newspaper=[[The Oklahoman]]|url=https://www.oklahoman.com/article/2553590/churchwoman-to-give-talk|date=October 26, 1996|access-date=March 10, 2021}}</ref> This took place in [[Lausanne]], Switzerland (July 16–25, 1974), and the movement which ensued took its name from the host city. Its purpose was to strengthen the global church for world evangelization, and to engage ideological and sociological trends which bore on this.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Graham, Billy |date=July 16, 1974 |title=Why Lausanne? |medium=Audio recording |location=Lausanne, Switzerland |publisher=Billy Graham Center Archives |url=http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/docs/Lausanne/704/graham.htm |access-date=December 14, 2013 |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214005434/http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/docs/Lausanne/704/graham.htm }}</ref> Graham invited Stott to be chief architect of the [[Lausanne Covenant]], which issued from the Congress and which, according to Graham: "helped challenge and unite evangelical Christians in the great task of world evangelization."<ref>{{cite book |last=Stott |first=John |year=1997 |title=Making Christ known: historic mission documents from the Lausanne Movement, 1974–1989 |chapter=Foreword by Billy Graham |location=US |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |isbn=0-8028-4315-8}}</ref> The movement remains a significant fruit of Graham's legacy, with a presence in nearly every nation.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2010/september/34.66.html |title=The Most Diverse Gathering Ever |author=Kennedy, John W. |journal=Christianity Today |date=September 29, 2010 |access-date=December 13, 2013}}</ref>