Editing Bladder stone (section)

==Causes==
Bladder stones may occur whenever the kidneys, bladder, or ureters become [[inflammation|inflamed]], which may occur when the [[urine]] becomes too concentrated or when the body becomes dehydrated. Minerals such as calcium and magnesium crystallize into the stones, which then can cause such symptoms as lower back or abdominal pain or difficulty with urination.  The use of [[Urinary catheterization|urinary catheters]] may cause a bladder stone. Individuals who are paralyzed or are unable to adequately pass urine may require the use of small plastic tubes ([[catheter]]s) placed into the bladder. The use of these tubes may lead to an [[infection]], which irritates the bladder, resulting in stone formation. Finally, a kidney stone may travel down the ureter into the bladder and become a bladder stone. There is some evidence indicating that chronic irritation of the bladder by retained stones may increase the chance of [[bladder cancer]]. Urinary [[schistosomiasis]], a disease caused by the [[digenea]]n [[Trematoda|trematode]] ''[[Schistosoma haematobium]]'', has been implicated in the development of vesical calculi.<ref name=Ward1945>{{cite journal|last=Ward|first=RO|title=Some Surgical Aspects of Urinary Bilharziasis|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=39|issue=1|pages=27–38|year=1945|doi=10.1177/003591574503900105|issn=0035-9157|pmid=19993192|pmc=2181785}}</ref><ref name=Lukacs1989>{{cite journal|last=Lukács|first=T|author2=Frang D |author3=El-Seaghy AA |author4=Pajor L |title=Multiple urolithiasis in bilharziasis patients|journal=International Urology and Nephrology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=269–73|year=1989|pmid=2807777|doi=10.1007/BF02559736|s2cid=35057871}}</ref> However, evidence accumulated thus far has not supported this hypothesis.<ref name=Ibrahim1978>{{cite journal|last=Ibrahim|first=A|title=The relationship between urinary bilharziasis and urolithiasis in the Sudan|journal=British Journal of Urology|volume=50|issue=5|pages=294–7|year=1978|issn=0007-1331|pmid=753482|doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.1978.tb03634.x}}</ref><ref name=Kambal1981>{{cite journal|last=Kambal|first=A|title=The Relation of Urinary Bilharziasis to Vesical Stones in Children|journal=British Journal of Urology|volume=53|issue=4|pages=315|year=1981|issn=0007-1331|pmid=7260543|doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.1981.tb03185.x}}</ref>