Editing Blinking (section)

===Central nervous system's control===
Though one may think that the stimulus triggering blinking is dry or irritated eyes, it is most likely that it is controlled by a "blinking center" of the [[globus pallidus]] of the [[lenticular nucleus]]—a body of nerve cells between the base and outer surface of the brain.  Nevertheless, external stimuli can contribute. The orbicularis oculi is a facial muscle; therefore its actions are translated by the [[facial nerve]] root. The levator palpebrae superioris' action is sent through the [[oculomotor nerve]]. The duration of a blink is
on average 100–150 milliseconds according to UCL researcher<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2005/jul/blink-and-you-miss-it|title=Blink and you miss it|date=2005-08-03}}</ref> and between 100 and 400 ms according to the Harvard Database of Useful Biological Numbers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?s=y&id=100706&ver=0|title=Average duration of a single eye blink – Human Homo sapiens – BNID 100706}}</ref> Closures in excess of 1000 ms were defined as [[microsleep]]s.

Greater activation of  dopaminergic pathways dopamine production in the [[striatum]] is associated with a higher rate of spontaneous eye blinking.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Taylor | first1 = JR | last2 = Elsworth | first2 = JD | last3 = Lawrence | first3 = MS | last4 = Sladek Jr | first4 = JR | last5 = Roth | first5 = RH | last6 = Redmond Jr | first6 = DE | title = Spontaneous blink rates correlate with dopamine levels in the caudate nucleus of MPTP-treated monkeys | journal = Experimental Neurology | volume = 158 | issue = 1 | pages = 214–20 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10448434 | doi = 10.1006/exnr.1999.7093 | s2cid = 43504305 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Colzato | first1 = LS | last2 = Van Den Wildenberg | first2 = WP | last3 = Van Wouwe | first3 = NC | last4 = Pannebakker | first4 = MM | last5 = Hommel | first5 = B | title = Dopamine and inhibitory action control: evidence from spontaneous eye blink rates | journal = Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale | volume = 196 | issue = 3 | pages = 467–74 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19484465 | pmc = 2700244 | doi = 10.1007/s00221-009-1862-x }}</ref> Conditions in which there is reduced dopamine availability such as [[Parkinson's disease]] have reduced eye blink rate,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Deuschl | first1 = G | last2 = Goddemeier | first2 = C | title = Spontaneous and reflex activity of facial muscles in dystonia, Parkinson's disease, and in normal subjects | journal = [[Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry]] | volume = 64 | issue = 3 | pages = 320–4 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9527141 | pmc = 2169979 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.64.3.320}}</ref> while conditions in which it is raised such as [[schizophrenia]] have an increased rate.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Freed | first1 = WJ | last2 = Kleinman | first2 = JE | last3 = Karson | first3 = CN | last4 = Potkin | first4 = SG | last5 = Murphy | first5 = DL | last6 = Wyatt | first6 = RJ | title = Eye-blink rates and platelet monoamine oxidase activity in chronic schizophrenic patients | journal =[[Biological Psychiatry (journal)|Biological Psychiatry]] | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 329–32 | year = 1980 | pmid = 7417620 }}</ref> Blink rate is associated with dopamine-related executive function and creativity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jongkees|first1=Bryant J.|last2=Colzato|first2=Lorenza S.|date=December 2016|title=Spontaneous eye blink rate as predictor of dopamine-related cognitive function—A review|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0149763416302846|journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews|language=en|volume=71|pages=58–82|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.020|pmid=27555290|s2cid=25094074|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chermahini|first1=Soghra Akbari|last2=Hommel|first2=Bernhard|date=2010-06-01|title=The (b)link between creativity and dopamine: Spontaneous eye blink rates predict and dissociate divergent and convergent thinking|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027710000715|journal=Cognition|language=en|volume=115|issue=3|pages=458–465|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2010.03.007|pmid=20334856|s2cid=14791691|issn=0010-0277|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kuwamizu|first1=Ryuta|last2=Suwabe|first2=Kazuya|last3=Damrongthai|first3=Chorphaka|last4=Fukuie|first4=Takemune|last5=Ochi|first5=Genta|last6=Hyodo|first6=Kazuki|last7=Hiraga|first7=Taichi|last8=Nagano-Saito|first8=Atsuko|last9=Soya|first9=Hideaki|date=July 2021|title=Spontaneous Eye Blink Rate Connects Missing Link between Aerobic Fitness and Cognition|url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002590|journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise|language=en|volume=53|issue=7|pages=1425–1433|doi=10.1249/MSS.0000000000002590|pmid=33433152|s2cid=231585782|issn=1530-0315|url-access=subscription}}</ref>