Editing Botulinum toxin (section)

===Muscle spasticity===
Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of disorders characterized by overactive muscle movement, including [[cerebral palsy]],<ref name=Farag2020/><ref name=Blumetti2019/> post-stroke [[spasticity]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Ozcakir S, Sivrioglu K |title = Botulinum toxin in poststroke spasticity |journal = Clinical Medicine & Research |volume = 5 |issue = 2 |pages = 132–138 |date = June 2007 |pmid = 17607049 |pmc = 1905930 |doi = 10.3121/cmr.2007.716 }}</ref> post-spinal cord injury spasticity,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Yan X, Lan J, Liu Y, Miao J |title = Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin Type A in Spasticity Caused by Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized, Controlled Trial |journal = Medical Science Monitor |volume = 24 |pages = 8160–8171 |date = November 2018 |pmid = 30423587 |pmc = 6243868 |doi = 10.12659/MSM.911296 }}</ref> [[dystonia|spasms]] of the head and neck,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-dystonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354123 |title=Cervical dystonia - Symptoms and causes |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=14 October 2015 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212142423/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-dystonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354123 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[blepharospasm|eyelid]],<ref name=Shukla2004>{{cite journal |vauthors = Shukla HD, Sharma SK |title = Clostridium botulinum: a bug with beauty and weapon |journal = Critical Reviews in Microbiology |volume = 31 |issue = 1 |pages = 11–18 |year = 2005 |pmid = 15839401 |doi = 10.1080/10408410590912952 |s2cid = 2855356 }}</ref> [[vaginismus|vagina]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Pacik PT |title = Botox treatment for vaginismus |journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume = 124 |issue = 6 |pages = 455e–456e |date = December 2009 |pmid = 19952618 |doi = 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181bf7f11 |doi-access = free }}</ref> limbs, jaw, and [[vocal cords]].<ref name="Primary">{{cite journal |vauthors = Felber ES |title = Botulinum toxin in primary care medicine |journal = The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association |volume = 106 |issue = 10 |pages = 609–614 |date = October 2006 |pmid = 17122031 |doi = |s2cid = 245177279 }}</ref> Similarly, botulinum toxin is used to relax the clenching of muscles, including those of the [[achalasia|esophagus]],<ref name=achalasia>{{cite journal |vauthors = Stavropoulos SN, Friedel D, Modayil R, Iqbal S, Grendell JH |title = Endoscopic approaches to treatment of achalasia |journal = Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology |volume = 6 |issue = 2 |pages = 115–135 |date = March 2013 |pmid = 23503707 |pmc = 3589133 |doi = 10.1177/1756283X12468039 }}</ref> [[bruxism|jaw]],<ref name=Bruxism>{{cite journal |vauthors = Long H, Liao Z, Wang Y, Liao L, Lai W |title = Efficacy of botulinum toxins on bruxism: an evidence-based review |journal = International Dental Journal |volume = 62 |issue = 1 |pages = 1–5 |date = February 2012 |pmid = 22251031 |doi = 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00085.x |pmc = 9374973 |doi-access = free |title-link = doi }}</ref> [[detrusor|lower urinary tract]] and [[urinary bladder|bladder]],<ref name="multiple">{{cite journal |vauthors = Mangera A, Andersson KE, Apostolidis A, Chapple C, Dasgupta P, Giannantoni A, Gravas S, Madersbacher S |title = Contemporary management of lower urinary tract disease with botulinum toxin A: a systematic review of botox (onabotulinumtoxinA) and dysport (abobotulinumtoxinA) |journal = European Urology |volume = 60 |issue = 4 |pages = 784–795 |date = October 2011 |pmid = 21782318 |doi = 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.07.001 }}</ref> or clenching of the anus which can exacerbate [[anal fissure]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Villalba H, Villalba S, Abbas MA |title = Anal fissure: a common cause of anal pain |journal = The Permanente Journal |volume = 11 |issue = 4 |pages = 62–65 |date = 2007 |pmid = 21412485 |pmc = 3048443 |doi = 10.7812/tpp/07-072 }}</ref> Botulinum toxin appears to be effective for [[disease#Stages|refractory]] [[overactive bladder]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Duthie JB, Vincent M, Herbison GP, Wilson DI, Wilson D |title = Botulinum toxin injections for adults with overactive bladder syndrome |journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue = 12 |pages = CD005493 |date = December 2011 |pmid = 22161392 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005493.pub3 |veditors = Duthie JB }}</ref>