Editing Bus (section)

==History==
<!-- That are horse coaches and not a bus

===Early history===
A short-lived early [[Public transport bus service|public bus line]] (known as a "carriage" at that time) was launched by [[Blaise Pascal]] in Paris in 1662; it was quite popular until fares were increased and access to the service was restricted to high-society members by regulation and law. Services ceased after 15 years<ref name="amtuir"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.herodote.net/histoire/evenement.php?jour=18260810 |title=Le temps de révolutions |publisher=Herodote.net |access-date=16 September 2010 |language=fr}}  Retrieved 13 June 2008.</ref> and no further such services were known until the 1820s.

===First horse omnibus serves===
[[John Greenwood (bus operator)|John Greenwood]] is said by some historians to have established the first modern omnibus service in 1824. As the keeper of a toll gate in [[Pendleton, Greater Manchester|Pendleton]] on the [[Manchester]]-to-Liverpool [[Turnpike road|turnpike]], he purchased a horse and a cart with several seats, and began an omnibus service between those two locations. His pioneering idea was to offer a service where, unlike with a [[Stagecoaches|stagecoach]], no prior booking was necessary and the driver would pick up or set down passengers anywhere on request.  Later on, he added daily services to [[Buxton]], [[Chester]], and [[Sheffield]]. His line immediately sparked fierce competition and a dense network of omnibus services quickly sprouted in the area, often acting as feeders to the railways. In 1865, Greenwood's company and its competitors amalgamated into the [[Manchester Carriage and Tramways Company|Manchester Carriage Company]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gmts.co.uk/explore/history/history.html |title=A Short History of Public Transport in Greater Manchester}}</ref>

[[File:Plan de la ville de Paris représentant les nouvelles voitures publiques - Entreprise générale des Dames Blanches.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|A Paris omnibus in 1828]]

The Paris omnibus was started in 1828 by a businessman named Stanislas Baudry, who had begun the first French omnibus line in [[Nantes]] in 1826. The name was said to come from the station of the first line in Nantes, in front of the store of a hat-maker named Omnes, who had a large sign on his building saying "Omnes Omnibus"  ("All for all" in Latin).  Following success in Nantes, Baudry moved to Paris and founded the Enterprise des Omnibus on rue de Lancre, with workshops on the quai de Jemmapes.   In 1827 he commissioned an English coach-maker, [[George Shillibeer]], to design a vehicle that could be stable and carry a large number of passengers. Shillibeer's design worked, On 28 April 1828, the first Paris omnibus began service, running every fifteen minutes between La Madeleine and la Bastille.  Before long, there were one hundred omnibuses in service, with eighteen different itineraries.  A journey cost twenty-five centimes.  The omnibuses circulated between seven in the morning and seven in the evening; each omnibus could carry between twelve and eighteen passengers.  The busiest line was that along the Grand Boulevards; it ran from eight in the morning until midnight.{{Sfn|Fierro|1996|pages=1031–1032}}

The Paris omnibus service was an immediate popular success, with more than two and a half million passengers in the first six months.  However, there was no reliable way to collect money from the passengers, or the fare collectors kept much of the money for themselves; In its first years the company was continually on the verge of bankruptcy, and in despair, Baudry committed suicide in February 1830.   Baudry's partners reorganized the company and managed to keep it in business.{{sfn|Fierro|1996|pages=1031–1032}}

In September 1828, a competing company, les Dames-Blanches, had started running its own vehicles.  In 1829 and the following years, more companies with poetic names entered the business; les Citadines, les Tricycles, les Orléanises, les Diligentes, les Écossaises, les Béarnaises, les Carolines, les Batignollaises, les Parisiennes, les Hirondelles, les Joséphines, les Excellentes, les Sylphides, les Constantines, les Dames-Françaises, les Algériennes, les Dames-Réunies, and les Gazelles.  The omnibus had a profound effect on Parisian life, making it possible for Parisians to work and have a social life outside their own neighborhoods.{{sfn|Héron de Villefosse|1959|page=317}}

By 1845, there were thirteen companies in Paris operating twenty-twenty three omnibus lines. In 1855, [[Napoleon III]] had them combined into a single company, the Compagnie générale des omnibus, with a monopoly on Paris public transportation. Beginning in 1873, they were gradually replaced by tramways, and, beginning in 1906, by the ''omnibus automobile'', or motor bus. The last horse-drawn Paris omnibus ran on 11 January 1913, from Saint-Sulpice to La Villette.{{Sfn|Fierro|1996|pages=1031–1032}}

[[File:Shillibeer's first omnibus.png|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Shillibeer's first London Omnibus (1829)]]

Shillibeer built another bus for the [[Quaker]] [[Newington Academy for Girls]] near London; this had a total of 25 seats, and entered history as the first [[school bus]].
Shillibeer saw the success of the Paris omnibus in service and concluded that operating similar vehicles in London, for the fare-paying public with multiple stops, would be a paying enterprise, so he returned to his native city. His first London "Omnibus", using the same design and name as the Paris vehicle, took up service on 4 July 1829 on the route between [[Paddington]] (The [[Yorkshire Stingo]]) and "Bank" ([[Bank of England]]) via the "[[New Road (eighteenth century north London turnpike road)|New Road]]" (now [[Marylebone Road|Marylebone Rd]]), [[Somers Town, London|Somers Town]] and [[City Road]]. Four services were provided in each direction daily. Shillibeer's success prompted many competitors to enter the market, and for a time buses were referred to as 'Shillibeers'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://knowledgeoflondon.com/buses.html |title=The London Omnibus}}</ref>

[[File:omnibus - Project Gutenberg eText 16943.jpg|right|thumb|Parisian omnibus, late 19th century]]

Although passenger-carrying carriages had operated for many years, the new 'omnibus' pioneered a new service of picking up and setting down customers all along a particular route without the need to book in advance. Buses soon expanded their capacity, with additional seats for a few extra passengers provided alongside the driver. By 1845, passengers were being accommodated on the curved roofs, seated back to back in a configuration known as 'knife-board'. In 1852, Greenwood's in Manchester introduced the double-decker vehicle that could seat up to 42.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.petergould.co.uk/local_transport_history/generalhistories/general/horsebus.htm |title=The Horse Bus: 1662–1932}}</ref>

In Germany, the first bus service was established in Berlin in 1825, running from [[Brandenburger Tor]] to [[Charlottenburg]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.textagentur-grimm.de/kremser.html |title=Simon Kremser |first=TextAgentur |last=Grimm }}</ref> In 1850, [[Thomas Tilling]] started [[horse bus]] services in London,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.petergould.co.uk/local_transport_history/pioneers/people/tilling.htm |title=Thomas Tilling Ltd: 1849–1969 }}</ref> and in 1855, the [[London General Omnibus Company]] was founded to amalgamate and regulate the horse-drawn omnibus services then operating in London.<ref name="ltm1829">{{cite web |title=From omnibus to ecobus, 1829–1850 |url=http://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/learning/online_resources/ecobus_omnibus/pg/1829.htm |publisher=[[London's Transport Museum]] |access-date=3 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609023652/http://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/learning/online_resources/ecobus_omnibus/pg/1829.htm |archive-date=9 June 2007}}</ref>

By the 1880s, bus services were a commonplace in England, continental Europe, and North America; one company in London was operating over 220 horse-buses. Horse-bus use declined with the advent of steam-buses and motor-buses; the last horse bus in London stopped operation in 1914.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SE15.html |title=Riding on a knifeboard |work=London Museum |quote=Thomas Tilling started his bus service in the 1840s. By 1901 he had a total of 220 horse-drawn buses... The last recorded horse omnibus in London was a Tilling bus. It ran its last journey between Peckham and Honor Oak Tavern on 4 August 1914.}}</ref>
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===Steam buses===
{{main|Steam bus}}
[[File:Obeissante.jpg|thumb|[[Amédée Bollée]]'s ''L'Obéissante'' (1875)]]

Regular intercity bus services by steam-powered buses were pioneered in England in the 1830s by [[Walter Hancock]] and by associates of [[Goldsworthy Gurney|Sir Goldsworthy Gurney]], among others, running reliable services over road conditions which were too hazardous for horse-drawn transportation.

The first mechanically propelled omnibus appeared on the streets of London on 22 April 1833.<ref>{{cite news |title=Centenarxy of the Omnibus |newspaper=The Times |date=28 April 1933 |page=16}}</ref> Steam carriages were much less likely to overturn, they travelled faster than horse-drawn carriages, they were much cheaper to run, and caused much less damage to the road surface due to their wide tyres.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=The Rise and Fall of Non-Government Roads in the United Kingdom |pages=263–264 |title=Street Smart: Competition, Entrepreneurship and the Future of Roads |author=Benson, Bruce L.}}</ref>

However, the heavy road [[Toll road|tolls]] imposed by the [[turnpike trusts]] discouraged steam road vehicles and left the way clear for the horse bus companies, and from 1861 onwards, harsh legislation virtually eliminated mechanically propelled vehicles from the roads of Great Britain for 30 years, the [[Locomotive Act 1861]] imposing restrictive speed limits on "road locomotives" of {{cvt|5|mph|km/h}} in towns and cities, and {{cvt|10|mph|km/h}} in the country.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url={{GBurl|RMgDAAAAQAAJ|page=388}} |chapter=Locomotives Act, 1861 |title=Pratt's Law of Highways |edition=10th |publisher=Shaw & Sons |date=1865 |page=388}}</ref>

===Trolleybuses===
{{main|Trolleybus}}
[[File:First Trolleybuss of Siemens in Berlin 1882.gif|thumb|World's first trolleybus, Berlin 1882]]

In parallel to the development of the bus was the invention of the electric trolleybus, typically fed through [[trolley pole]]s by [[Overhead line|overhead wires]]. The Siemens brothers, [[William Siemens|William]] in England and [[Ernst Werner von Siemens|Ernst Werner]] in Germany, collaborated on the development of the trolleybus concept. Sir William first proposed the idea in an article to the ''[[Royal Society of Arts|Journal of the Society of Arts]]'' in 1881 as an "...arrangement by which an ordinary omnibus...would have a suspender thrown at intervals from one side of the street to the other, and two wires hanging from these suspenders; allowing contact rollers to run on these two wires, the current could be conveyed to the tram-car, and back again to the dynamo machine at the station, without the necessity of running upon rails at all."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trolleybus.co.uk/history1.htm |title=Trolleybus history – current collector design |access-date=6 October 2013 |archive-date=4 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504185700/http://www.trolleybus.co.uk/history1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first such vehicle, the [[Electromote]], was made by his brother Ernst Werner von Siemens and presented to the public in 1882 in [[Halensee]], [[German Empire|Germany]].<ref>[http://www.siemens.com/history/en/innovations/transportation.htm#toc-2 ''Elektromote''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729124510/http://www.siemens.com/history/en/innovations/transportation.htm#toc-2 |date=29 July 2016 }}, Siemens History website. Retrieved 2011-08-28</ref> Although this experimental vehicle fulfilled all the technical criteria of a typical trolleybus, it was dismantled in the same year after the demonstration.<ref name="CSDunbar">Charles S. Dunbar, ''Buses, Trolleys and Trams'', (Paul Hamlyn Ltd, 1967, no ISBN) p. 81 ''et seq''.</ref>

Max Schiemann opened a passenger-carrying trolleybus in 1901 near [[Dresden]], in Germany. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system. In the early days, a few other methods of current collection were used. [[Leeds]] and [[Bradford]] became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain on 20 June 1911.

===Motor buses===
In [[Siegerland]], Germany, two passenger bus lines ran briefly, but unprofitably, in 1895 using a six-passenger motor carriage developed from the 1893 [[Benz Viktoria]].<ref name= Eckermann2001/> Another commercial bus line using the same model Benz omnibuses ran for a short time in 1898 in the rural area around [[Llandudno]], Wales.<ref name=Ward1974/>

Germany's [[Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft|Daimler Motors Corporation]] also produced one of the earliest motor-bus models in 1898, selling a double-decker bus to the Motor Traction Company which was first used on the streets of London on 23 April 1898.<ref name="Daimler">{{cite web |url=http://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/1898-The-worlds-first-bus-series-launched-by-Daimler--a-mile.xhtml?oid=9913455 |title=1898: The world's first bus series launched by Daimler – a milestone for passenger transport – marsMediaSite |access-date=29 August 2016 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426001349/https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/1898-The-worlds-first-bus-series-launched-by-Daimler--a-mile.xhtml?oid=9913455 |url-status=live }}</ref> The vehicle had a maximum speed of {{convert|18|kph|mph|1|abbr=on}} and accommodated up to 20 passengers, in an enclosed area below and on an open-air platform above. With the success and popularity of this bus, DMG expanded production, selling more buses to companies in London and, in 1899, to [[Stockholm]] and [[Speyer]].<ref name="Daimler" /> Daimler Motors Corporation also entered into a partnership with the British company Milnes and developed a new double-decker in 1902 that became the market standard.

The first mass-produced bus model was the [[LGOC B-type|B-type]] [[double-decker bus]], designed by [[Frank Searle (businessman)|Frank Searle]] and operated by the [[London General Omnibus Company]]—it entered service in 1910, and almost 3,000 had been built by the end of the decade. Hundreds of them saw military service on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] during the [[First World War]].<ref>{{cite book |first=G. J. |last=Robbins |author2=Atkinson, J. B. |title=The London B-Type Motor Omnibus |edition=3rd |location=Twickenham |publisher=World of Transport |year=1991 |isbn=1-871979-04-8}}</ref>

The [[Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company]], which rapidly became a major manufacturer of buses in the US, was founded in Chicago in 1923 by [[John D. Hertz]]. [[General Motors]] purchased a majority stake in 1925 and changed its name to the Yellow Truck and Coach Manufacturing Company. GM purchased the balance of the shares in 1943 to form the [[GMC (Truck)|GM Truck and Coach Division]].

Models expanded in the 20th century, leading to the widespread introduction of the contemporary recognizable form of full-sized buses from the 1950s. The [[AEC Routemaster]], developed in the 1950s, was a pioneering design and remains an icon of London to this day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aecsouthall.co.uk/ |title=AEC Southall Enthusiast page |publisher=Aecsouthall.co.uk |access-date=19 April 2013 |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131115616/http://www.aecsouthall.co.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The innovative design used lightweight aluminium and techniques developed in aircraft production during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.londonbooks.co.uk/shop/page.php?xPage=articles.html&articleID=1 |publisher=Londonbooks.co.uk |title=The Bus We Loved book description, 12 September 2006 |access-date=6 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221214815/http://www.londonbooks.co.uk/shop/page.php?xPage=articles.html&articleID=1 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As well as a novel weight-saving integral design, it also introduced for the first time on a bus [[independent suspension|independent front suspension]], [[power steering]], a fully [[automatic gearbox]], and [[Hydraulic brake|power-hydraulic braking]].<ref name=routemasterorghome>[http://www.routemaster.org.uk/ Routemaster.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902121425/http://routemaster.org.uk/ |date=2 September 2011 }} home page</ref>
==== Gallery ====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="155px">
File:Erster Benzin-Omnibus der Welt.jpg|The first ever internal combustion omnibus, introduced in 1895 ([[Siegen]] to [[Netphen]])
File:B43OleBillatIWMLondon.jpg|A 1911 [[LGOC B-type]]
File:Daimler CC Bus (1912).jpg|A 1912 Daimler CC Bus, one of five (English) [[Daimler Company]] buses exported to Australia
</gallery>