Editing C. V. Raman (section)

==Career==

Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the prestigious Indian government service, Indian Finance Service (now [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service]]).<ref name="Jayaraman-1989c">{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Op. cit.|date=1989|pages=8|oclc=21675106}}</ref> Raman followed suit and qualified for the Indian Finance Service achieving first position in the entrance examination in February 1907.<ref name="Banerjee-2014">{{Cite journal|last=Banerjee|first=Somaditya|date=2014|title=C. V. Raman and Colonial Physics: Acoustics and the Quantum|journal=Physics in Perspective|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=146–178|doi=10.1007/s00016-014-0134-8|bibcode=2014PhP....16..146B|s2cid=121952683}}</ref> He was posted in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]) as Assistant Accountant General in June 1907.<ref name="Clark-2013" /> 

He was highly impressed by the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS), Calcutta, the first research institute founded in India in 1876.<ref name="SinghR-2002" /> He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually become his lifelong collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder [[Mahendralal Sarkar|Mahendralal Sircar]]'s son and secretary of IACS), and [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]] (executive member of the IACS and Vice-Chancellor of the [[University of Calcutta]]). With their support, he obtained permission to conduct research at IACS in his own time even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> Up to that time the institute had not yet recruited regular researchers,<ref name="Biwas-2010">{{Cite book|last=Biwas|first=Arun Kumar|title=Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, c. 1784–1947|date=2010|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-93-325-0294-9|editor-last=Dasgupta|editor-first=Uma|location=Delhi|pages=69–116|chapter=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: A Nation's Dream, 1969-1947|oclc=895913622}}</ref> or produced any research paper.<ref name="Clark-2013" /> Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in 1907 became the first from the institute.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1907|title=Newton's rings in polarised light|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=76|issue=1982|pages=637|doi=10.1038/076637b0|bibcode=1907Natur..76..637R|s2cid=4035854|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1950400|doi-access=free|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031073832/https://zenodo.org/record/1950400|url-status=live}}</ref> The work inspired IACS to publish a journal, ''Bulletin of Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science,'' in 1909 in which Raman was the major contributor.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />

In 1909, Raman was transferred to [[Yangon|Rangoon]], [[British Burma]] (now [[Myanmar]]), to take up the position of currency officer. After only a few months, he had to return to Madras as his father died from an illness. The subsequent death of his father and funeral rituals compelled him to remain there for the rest of the year.<ref name="Basu-2016">{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Tejan Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKOaDAAAQBAJ|title=The Life and Times of C.V. Raman|date=2016|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8430-362-9|pages=22–23|language=en|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101619/https://books.google.com/books?id=FKOaDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after he resumed office at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India at [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra, in 1910.<ref name="Sciences1988">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cvramanpictorial00bang|title=C.V. Raman: A Pictorial Biography|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences India|year=1988|isbn=978-81-85324-07-4|page=3|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref> Even before he served a year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General in 1911 and again posted to Calcutta.<ref name="Basu-2016" />

From 1915, the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars under Raman at IACS. Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Director General of Observatories of [[India Meteorological Department]]), a PhD scholar under [[Ganesh Prasad]], was his first student.<ref name="Mukherji-2018a">{{Cite book|last1=Mukherji|first1=Purabi|title=History of the Calcutta School of Physical Sciences|last2=Mukhopadhyay|first2=Atri|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=978-981-13-0295-4|location=Singapore|pages=30|oclc=1042158966}}</ref> From the next year, other universities followed suit including [[University of Allahabad]], [[Rangoon University]], Queen's College Indore, [[Institute of Science, Nagpur]], [[Krishnath College|Krisnath College]], and University of Madras. By 1919, Raman had guided more than a dozen students.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukherji, Purabi|title=Op. cit.|pages=31|oclc=1042158966}}</ref> Following Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary positions at IACS, Honorary Professor and Honorary Secretary.<ref name="Biwas-2010" /> He referred to this period as the "golden era" of his life.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 June 2013|title=C.V. Raman|url=https://www.osa.org/en-us/history/biographies/bios/c-v--raman/|access-date=8 March 2020|website=OSA|publisher=The Optical Society, Washington, DC, USA|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101621/https://www.osa.org/en-us/history/biographies/bios/c-v--raman/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Raman was chosen by the [[University of Calcutta]] to become the [[Palit Professor of Physics]], a position established after the benefactor [[Taraknath Palit|Sir Taraknath Palit]], in 1913. The university senate made the appointment on 30 January 1914, as recorded in the meeting minutes:{{blockquote|

The following appointments to the Palit Professorships were made at the meeting of the Senate on 30 January 1914: Dr P C Ray and Mr C.V. Raman, MA... The appointment of each Professor shall be permanent. A Professor shall vacate his office upon completion of sixtieth year of his age.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />}}Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] to take up the position, but Bose declined.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blanpied|first=William A.|date=1986|title=Pioneer Scientists in Pre-Independence India|journal=Physics Today|language=en|volume=39|issue=5|pages=36–44|doi=10.1063/1.881025|bibcode=1986PhT....39e..36B}}</ref> As a second choice, Raman became the first Palit Professor of Physics but was delayed for taking up the position as [[World War I]] broke out. It was only in 1917 when he joined [[Rajabazar Science College]], a campus created by the University of Calcutta in 1914, that he became a full-fledged professor.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> He reluctantly resigned as a civil servant after a decade of service, which was described as "supreme sacrifice"<ref name="Biwas-2010" /> since his salary as a professor would be roughly half of his salary at the time. But to his advantage, the terms and conditions as a professor were explicitly indicated in the report of his joining the university, which stated:{{blockquote|Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir T N Palit Professorship on condition that he will not be required to go out of India... Reported that Mr C. V. Raman joined his appointment as Palit Professor of Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman informed that he will not be required to take any teaching work in MA and MSc classes, to the detriment of his own research or assisting advanced students in their researches.<ref name="Mukherji-2018a" />}}Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected to by some members of the Senate of the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as he had no [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] and had never studied abroad. As a kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an honorary [[DSc]] which the University of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. The same year he visited Oxford to deliver a lecture at the Congress of Universities of the British Empire.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jayaraman|first1=Aiyasami|last2=Ramdas|first2=Anant Krishna|date=1988|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman|journal=Physics Today|language=en|volume=41|issue=8|pages=56–64|doi=10.1063/1.881128|bibcode=1988PhT....41h..56J}}</ref> He had earned quite a reputation by then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates [[J. J. Thomson]] and [[Lord Rutherford]].<ref name="ACS-2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html|title=C.V. Raman The Raman Effect – Landmark|website=American Chemical Society|language=en|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304020054/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon his election as [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of his future plans, which he replied, saying, "The Nobel Prize of course."<ref name="Biwas-2010" /> In 1926, he established the ''[[Indian Journal of Physics]]'' and acted as the first editor.<ref>{{cite web| title=Indian Journal of Physics| url=http://iacs.res.in/indian-journal-physics.html| year=1926| access-date=12 March 2018| archive-date=8 March 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308134223/http://iacs.res.in/indian-journal-physics.html| url-status=live}}</ref> The second volume of the journal published his famous article "A new radiation", reporting the discovery of the [[Raman Effect|Raman effect]].<ref name="Raman-1928">{{cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|year=1928|title=A new radiation|url=http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/10821/377|journal=Indian Journal of Physics|volume=2|pages=387–398|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520224631/http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/10821/377|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Jayaraman-1989d">{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Op. cit.|date=1989|pages=30|oclc=21675106}}</ref>

Raman was succeeded by [[Debendra Mohan Bose]] as the Palit Professor in 1932. Following his appointment as Director of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) in [[Bangalore]], he left Calcutta in 1933.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mailweb.iacs.res.in/archive.html|title=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (1876–)|publisher=[[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]|access-date=5 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717233231/http://mailweb.iacs.res.in/archive.html|archive-date=17 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maharaja [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]], the King of Mysore, [[Jamsetji Tata]] and [[Nawab]] Sir [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], had contributed the lands and funds for the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. The [[Viceroy of India]], [[Lord Minto]] approved the establishment in 1909, and the British government appointed its first director, [[Morris Travers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/institutions/indian-institute-of-science-1595/authors|title=Indian Institute of Science|last1=Reddy|first1=Venkatarama|last2=Guttal|first2=Vishwesha|website=The Conversation|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020003652/https://theconversation.com/institutions/indian-institute-of-science-1595/authors|url-status=live}}</ref> Raman became the fourth director and the first Indian director. During his tenure at IISc, he recruited [[G. N. Ramachandran]], who later went on to become a distinguished [[X-ray crystallographer]]. He founded the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934 and started publishing the academy's journal ''Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences'' (later split up into ''[[Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences]], [[Journal of Chemical Sciences]],'' and ''[[Journal of Earth System Science]]'').<ref name="ACS-2015" /> Around that time the Calcutta Physical Society was established, the concept of which he had initiated early in 1917.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />

With his former student [[Panchapakesa Krishnamurti]], Raman started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943.<ref name="Parameswaran-2011">{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=C.V. Raman: A Biography |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-14-306689-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=190 |oclc=772714846 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727101916/https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC&newbks=0&hl |archive-date=27 July 2021}}</ref> The company, renamed as TCM Limited in 1996, was one of the first organic and inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tcmlimited.in/tcmlimited/generalinfo/Contact.asp|title=About us|publisher=TCM Limited – Official website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301155908/http://tcmlimited.in/tcmlimited/generalinfo/Contact.asp|archive-date=1 March 2014|access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 1947, Raman was appointed the first National Professor by the new government of independent India.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a">{{Cite journal|last=Mascarenhas|first=K. Smiles|date=2013|title=Sir C.V. Raman – Icon of Indian Science|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946|journal=Science Reporter|language=en-US|volume=50|issue=11|pages=21–25|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029174441/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946|url-status=live}}</ref>

Raman retired from IISC in 1948 and established the [[Raman Research Institute]] in Bangalore a year later. He served as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" />