Editing CKAC (section)

==History==

===Early days===

[[File:Feature. Radio Petit Monde BAnQ P48S1P08996.jpg|thumb|Recording of «Radio Petit Monde» in 1943]]

The construction of CKAC was announced on May 3, 1922, by daily newspaper ''La Presse'', which created the station and owned it<ref>Pierre Pagé (2007). ''Histoire de la radio au Québec'', Fides, Montreal, p. 27</ref> until 1969. On-air testing began by mid-September 1922,<ref>Bernard Montigny (1979). ''Les débuts de la radio à Montréal et le poste CKAC'', M.A. thesis, [[Université de Montréal]], pp. 21-22, 26.</ref> and the station was officially inaugurated on October 2,<ref name="usherb">[http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pages/evenements/344.html ''Ouverture officielle de la station radio CKAC'', Bilan du siècle, Université de Sherbrooke.]</ref> although regular programming had already begun on September 27.<ref>Montigny (1979), op. cit., p. 22.</ref> CKAC was the first [[francophone]] radio station in North America.<ref name="usherb"/>

CKAC was broadcasting on 730&nbsp;kHz right from the start, but it originally shared the frequency with CFCF (later [[CINW]]) and [[CHYC (AM)|CHYC]] until 1929, at which point CKAC became the only station on that frequency.<ref name="page451">Pagé (2007), op. cit., p. 451.</ref> Power was increased to 5,000 watts (full-time) on October 19, 1929, using a new transmitter site located in [[Saint-Hyacinthe]].<ref name="page451"/> CKAC applied to increase its power to 50,000 watts the following year, but this application was denied by government authorities.

The station became an affiliate of the [[CBS]] network in 1929. This affiliation was established to broadcast concerts from renowned American orchestras on CKAC. CKAC also created its own orchestra that year, which would produce concerts aired on American stations twice a week until 1933. (CKAC did keep its CBS affiliation until the late 1940s).

Radio dramas appeared on CKAC in 1931, and would continue to be heard for many years thereafter, until they were phased out as television was introduced and became popular.

===Golden age===
In 1950, CKAC increased its daytime power to 10,000 watts (nighttime power remained at 5,000 watts), and the station began to broadcast 24 hours a day.

On October 1 of that same year, CKAC began to air the "Le Chapelet en famille" (the "Family Rosary Hour") as recited by [[archbishop]] [[Paul-Emile Léger]] in the [[Marie-Reine-du-Monde Cathedral]], and this program proved so popular that competitors actually lobbied hard to get permission to [[simulcast]] that program, to no avail. (The program disappeared in 1970, as religious practice declined precipitously in the late 1960s, in Montreal and elsewhere in Quebec and ratings were down, but this provoked many complaints among still-devout [[Catholics]]).

On March 13, 1958, CKAC raised its power to 50,000 watts full-time, using a [[directional antenna]] pointing east using two towers, as it moved to its current transmitter site located in [[Saint-Joseph-du-Lac]], just west of the [[Island of Montreal]]. The station now had one of the best signals in Eastern Canada, which was quite an exceptional situation for a privately owned station. In the early days of radio in Canada, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] used its dual role as regulator and broadcaster to ensure that most of the country's clear-channel allocations went to CBC-owned stations.

CKAC faced serious competition which intensified in the 1960s as new French-language stations such as [[CINF (AM)|CKVL]] (opened in 1946), CJMS (opened in 1954) and [[CKLM]] (opened in 1962) were attracting listeners. While none of these stations had a signal nearly as impressive as CKAC (especially considering nighttime signal restrictions), this was not yet a problem for these stations as [[urban sprawl]] was still minimal.

However, CKAC quickly regained the top ratings spot in 1970, due to the crucial role its highly regarded news service had in keeping listeners informed during the [[October Crisis]], in which the [[terrorist]] and [[Quebec sovereignty movement|separatist]] [[Front de libération du Québec]] movement kidnapped and murdered provincial Labour Minister [[Pierre Laporte]].

The station was sold from [[Power Corporation]] (which bought La Presse and CKAC in 1968) to [[Telemedia]] in 1969, and CKAC became the flagship of the new [[Télémédia (network)|Télémédia network]], which also included [[CKOB-FM|CHLN]] 550 in [[Trois-Rivières]], [[CKOY-FM|CHLT]] 630 in [[Sherbrooke]], and the now-defunct [[CKCV (defunct)|CKCV]] 1280 in [[Quebec City]], [[CKCH (defunct)|CKCH]] 970 in Hull (now [[Gatineau]]) and [[CJMT (defunct)|CJMT]] 1420 in Chicoutimi (now [[Saguenay, Quebec|Saguenay]]).

From 1970 until the late 1980s, CKAC was regularly one of the very few stations in Canada to attract over one million listeners according to [[Bureau of Broadcast Measurement|BBM]] ratings and regularly made millions of dollars in profits every year, as it was home to such famous and renowned hosts as long-time mornin gman [[Jacques Proulx]], mid-morning host [[Suzanne Lévesque]] and 1980s midday host [[Pierre Pascau]].

CKAC became the French radio flagship of the [[MLB]] [[Montreal Expos]] (who became the [[Washington Nationals]] after the 2004 season) in 1972, and broadcast post-season games in addition to all (or in the last years, most) Expos regular-season games until 2003, with legendary [[play-by-play]] host [[Jacques Doucet (sportscaster)|Jacques Doucet]] describing over 5,500 games.

The station got an [[FM broadcasting|FM]] [[sister station]] in 1977, when Telemedia launched [[CITE-FM]] on 107.3 [[MHz]]. (The two stations became competitors in May 2005; for more information, please see "Recent decline and sale to Corus Entertainment" section).

Unlike most other privately owned [[clear-channel stations|clear channel]] (class A) radio stations in North America, CKAC never converted to [[AM stereo]].

===Telemedia/Radiomutuel merger===
CKAC ran into ratings difficulties in the early 1990s, mostly because of a resurgence from CJMS. These difficulties had a disproportionate economic impact on CKAC because of the [[recession]] that was particularly difficult in Montreal, and Quebec in general. In addition, radio in Quebec was generally suffering from the appearance of the new [[TQS]] TV network, which provoked a severe advertising [[price war]].

Because of these factors, Telemedia merged its Quebec AM radio operations with [[Radiomutuel]] on September 30, 1994, to form the new [[Radiomédia]] network, and six AM stations across Quebec closed that very same day at 6 pm, including competitor CJMS 1280. Radiomutuel acquired 50% of CKAC, with the remainder still being owned by Telemedia (both companies continued to compete on the FM side). While CKAC survived thanks to its superior signal (compared to CJMS), most of the new programming included hosts from CJMS, and the merged newsroom was dominated by former Radiomutuel journalists.

The merger did help CKAC to regain many of its lost listeners and market shares, but still CKAC did not dominate in ratings as it used to do. Even the format switch of competitor CKVL to [[all-news radio]] in late 1999, did not prop up CKAC in any significant manner. CKAC actually started to lose significant numbers of listeners to [[Première Chaîne]] ([[CBF-FM]] 95.1) in the early 2000s.

===Decline and sale to Corus Entertainment===
In 2001, [[Astral Media]] (successor of Radiomutuel) got permission from the [[CRTC]] to buy Telemedia's Quebec radio properties, which included the [[RockDétente]] network as well as 50% of the Radiomédia network. However the [[Competition Bureau]], another federal agency, partially blocked the deal over concentration of ownership issues, and ordered Astral Media to sell Radiomédia stations, which were temporarily put into trusteeship.

A first attempt failed when [[TVA (Canadian TV network)|TVA]] ([[Quebecor]]) and [[RNC Media]] were refused permission by the CRTC in June 2003, to buy the stations, because of ownership concentration concerns. A second deal was announced in September 2003, with businessmen Gaétan Morin and Sylvain Chamberland, but a month later popular CKAC morning man [[Paul Arcand]] unexpectedly announced his departure from the station, and in late November [[Corus Entertainment]] announced that it would launch a new news/talk format on [[CHMP-FM]] 98.5 (then CKOO-FM) in January 2004, with Arcand as its morning man. [[Jean Lapierre]], who was the afternoon drive host, also announced his departure as he returned to active politics; as a result Morin and Chamberland exercised their option to cancel their acquisition, paying a million-dollar fee to do so.

Astral Media then concluded in March 2004, an exchange of [[assets]] deal with [[Corus Entertainment]]; the latter publicly announced in June its intention of dramatically reducing programming expenses if the deal was approved, most notably by shutting down the CKAC newsroom.

Despite widespread opposition against that deal, the known existence of at least four other serious and much less controversial contenders to buy the Radiomédia stations, and numerous allegations to the effect that Corus Entertainment's offer was actually part of a larger plan to [[anti-competitive practices|prevent any meaningful competition]] to its new FM [[talk radio]] format (as Corus seemed to try to weaken and steal listeners from CKAC and not from the increasingly popular CBF-FM, and its sales representatives claimed to clients that they would be better advised to buy advertising at [[CHMP-FM]] and not CKAC as they pretended the latter was going to close shortly no matter what would happen), the deal was approved in January 2005, by the CRTC in the midst of strong rumours that [[Astral Media]] would close CKAC if the deal was not approved. The deal took effect a few months later after a failed attempt by CKAC employees to appeal the decision to the [[Cabinet of Canada|Federal Cabinet]].

On May 30, 2005, Corus Entertainment closed the reputed CKAC newsroom in favour of the lowly regarded CINF (Info 690) newsroom, which, until its January 2010 closure, produced newscasts for all French-language Corus Entertainment stations under the name "CorusNouvelles". (The production of CorusNouvelles would move to CHMP-FM following the closure of CINF).<ref>[http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/January2010/29/c5055.html CNW Newswire: "AM Info690 Montréal and AM940 Montreal's Greatest Hits to cease operation on January 29, 2010", January 29, 2010.]</ref> The Radiomédia network became known as the [[Corus Québec]] network, and CKAC continued to be the flagship of the network as it continued to be the source of talk programming for Corus' talk stations outside of Montreal. However ratings continued to suffer, and CKAC fell well below the 500,000 listeners mark according to [[Bureau of Broadcast Measurement|BBM]] ratings.

===All-sports era===
The format switch to all-sports was announced on March 1, 2007, and took effect on April 2, 2007. Sister station CHMP-FM became the co-flagship of the Corus Québec network. The long-time tradition of airing news bulletins on the 45th minute of the hour, a practice that was begun in 1972, was ended. Music programming also disappeared from the station's schedule for the first time ever, except for late-night ''[[Souvenirs Garantis]]'' oldies programming. Before April 2, 2007, the station had a [[news/talk]] format with [[sports talk]] in the evenings and some music (mostly [[oldies]]) during weekends.

CKAC was the radio [[flagship]] of the [[Montreal Canadiens]] ([[NHL]] [[ice hockey|hockey]]), the [[Montreal Alouettes]] ([[CFL]] [[Canadian football|football]]), the [[Montreal Impact (1992–2011)|Montreal Impact]] ([[North American Soccer League (2011)|NASL]] soccer) and the [[Toronto Blue Jays]] (MLB baseball). The station broadcast all Canadiens and Alouettes games, and all Impact games except for regular season road games;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyberpresse.ca/sports/soccer/201003/30/01-4265722-limpact-conclut-une-nouvelle-entente-avec-ckac.php |title= L'Impact conclut une nouvelle entente avec CKAC |date=March 30, 2010 |work=cyberpresse.ca}}</ref> the number of Blue Jays games aired is limited to only a few per year.<ref>CKAC aired eight games in 2010 [http://www.ckac.com/baseball/nouvelles/le-baseball-majeur-de-retour-a-ckac-sports-2020471.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314165330/http://www.ckac.com/baseball/nouvelles/le-baseball-majeur-de-retour-a-ckac-sports-2020471.html |date=March 14, 2010 }} and fifteen games in 2011 [http://www.ckac.com/baseball/nouvelles/encore-plus-de-matchs-des-blue-jays-a-ckac-sports-64038.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120722000456/http://www.ckac.com/baseball/nouvelles/encore-plus-de-matchs-des-blue-jays-a-ckac-sports-64038.html |date=July 22, 2012 }}.</ref>

On April 30, 2010, it was announced that [[Cogeco]] will acquire all radio stations owned by Corus in Quebec for $80&nbsp;million, pending CRTC approval.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radio-info.com/news/canadas-corus-entertainment-sells-all-its-stations-in-quebec-including-mont |title=Canada's Corus Entertainment sells all its stations in Quebec, including Montreal |date=April 30, 2010 |work=Radio-Info.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605111318/http://www.radio-info.com/news/canadas-corus-entertainment-sells-all-its-stations-in-quebec-including-mont |archive-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref> However, Cogeco must either apply with the CRTC for an exemption from the common ownership policy, or sell off some of these (or Cogeco's own stations) to a third party as they will be over the maximum allowable number of stations in Montreal, Quebec City and Sherbrooke. Corus is selling off their Quebec radio stations, as they are less profitable than Corus's stations in other parts of Canada.<ref>[[St. Petersburg Times]], "Canada Report" column, May 9, 2010.</ref>

On December 17, 2010, the CRTC approved the sale of most of Corus' radio stations in Quebec, including CKAC, to Cogeco. The same decision, however, also denied Cogeco's request to convert [[Sherbrooke]] station CKOY-FM 104.5 to a repeater of CKAC.<ref>
[http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2010/2010-942.htm Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2010-942: "Transfer of effective control of various commercial radio programming undertakings from Corus Entertainment Inc. to Cogeco inc.", issued December 17, 2010].</ref> (That station would later be re-called [[CJTS-FM]] before closing down in 2011).

===End of all-sports era and transition to traffic information===
On September 2, 2011, at exactly 10&nbsp;am, CKAC dropped its all-sports format. A recorded announcement from Cogeco vice president Richard Lachance was played, announcing a new [[travelers' information station|traffic information]] format that would launch at 4:30&nbsp;am on September 6. Branded as ''Radio Circulation 730'', the new format is being subsidized by the Quebec government, and will feature round-the-clock traffic updates from around Montreal, and it has become Canada's first radio station entirely dedicated to traffic and weather (because AM730 adds some Vancouver's news from CKNW in between). This relaunch superseded an application Cogeco had filed with the CRTC earlier in the year to reactivate the former [[CINF]] (Info 690) transmitter for a similar format (while maintaining all-sports on CKAC). Unlike Cogeco's original plans for 690&nbsp;kHz, CKAC's traffic radio service operates 24 hours a day, with live announcers on the air between 6:00 and 1:00 (non-holiday weekdays are 90' earlier). Pre-recorded announcements detailing overnight road closures and detours are played when live announcers are not on the air.

Effective September 6, some of CKAC's sports programming and airstaff have moved over to CHMP, along with [[Montreal Canadiens]] and [[Montreal Alouettes]] broadcasts.<ref>[http://blog.fagstein.com/2011/09/02/ckac-sports-ends/ Government pays for Cogeco to shut down CKAC Sports, September 2, 2011]</ref><ref>[http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/on-september-6-ckac-becomes-radio-circulation-730-montreals-first-dedicated-traffic-1556827.htm On September 6, CKAC Becomes Radio Circulation 730, Montreal's First Dedicated Traffic Radio Station, September 2, 2011]</ref>

After playing a wide variety of continuous music over Labour Day weekend, Radio Circulation 730 made its debut at 4:30&nbsp;am on September 6, as announced. The first announcer heard on the air was Michel Millard.

Alongside the original (and ultimately abandoned) application to place traffic information on 690, Cogeco also planned on an English-language traffic radio service for 940 previously used by [[CINW]].<ref>[http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2011/2011-571.htm Broadcasting Notice of Consultation CRTC 2011-571, September 7, 2011].</ref> However, that frequency was awarded instead to Paul Tietolman, for a francophone news-talk radio service.<ref>[http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2011/2011-721.htm Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2011-721, November 21, 2011].</ref>