Editing COSCO (section)

===China Ocean Shipping Company (1961–1993)===
China Ocean Shipping Company, or COSCO in short, was founded in 1961 as a Chinese [[government agency]]. In the same year, a subsidiary was formed in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. The Guangzhou subsidiary purchased a British vessel and renamed it as ''Guanghua'' ({{zh|s=光华}}). ''Guanghua'' made its maiden voyage to Jakarta for the People's Republic of China in April 1961.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sh.people.com.cn/n/2014/0428/c167985-21096534.html|script-title=zh:从“光华轮”到“中远荷兰轮”|date=April 28, 2014|access-date=December 13, 2020|website=people.com.cn|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|language=zh-cn}}</ref>

After the US [[Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations|resumed diplomatic relations with China]] in the 1970s, China Ocean Shipping Company signed an agreement with American company [[Lykes Brothers Steamship Company]] in 1979. The agreement opens the commercial sea routes between the United States and the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/24/archives/us-and-china-open-ports-to-2way-trade-under-private-accord-usjapan.html|title=U.S. and China Open Ports to 2-Way Trade Under Private Accord|date=February 24, 1979|access-date=December 19, 2020|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> In the same year, COSCO became the Chinese side representative to collaborate with [[International Telephone and Telegraph]] on repairing the communication facilities in the coastal cities of China.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/07/archives/communication-pact-for-china-and-itt.html|title=Communication Pact For China and I.T.T.|date=August 7, 1979|access-date=December 19, 2020|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

In 1981, COSCO won a contract from the Pakistani Government owned National Tanker Company of Pakistan, for crude oil transport.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/09/business/pakistan-china-oil-deal.html|title=Pakistan-China Oil Deal|date=July 9, 1981|access-date=December 19, 2020|agency=AP|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

In 1991 COSCO was asked by the US [[Federal Maritime Commission]] (FMC) to submit information regarding Chinese Government restricting U.S.-flag carriers on doing business in China. COSCO asked FMC to drop its probe instead.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 20, 1991 |title=COSCO HITS FMC INVESTIGATION OF CHINA'S MARITIME PRACTICES |url=https://www.joc.com/maritime-news/cosco-hits-fmc-investigation-chinas-maritime-practices_19910520.html |access-date=December 19, 2010 |website=joc.com}}</ref> FMC also investigated COSCO for its pricing behavior in 1997, but stated there was not enough evidence to launch a formal probe on alleged under-pricing its service to eliminate competitor.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 22, 1997 |title=COSCO UNDER A MICROSCOPE |url=https://www.joc.com/cosco-under-microscope_19970622.html |access-date=December 19, 2010 |website=joc.com}}</ref>

In August 1993, COSCO's ship ''Yinhe'', was anchored off the coast of [[Oman]]. US government alleged that the ship carried material exported to Iran, which could be used to make chemical weapons. COSCO claimed that the ship only contained "paper goods, hardware and machine parts".<ref>{{cite news |date=August 15, 1993 |title=China Says Cargo Ship Will Anchor Off Oman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/15/world/china-says-cargo-ship-will-anchor-off-oman.html |url-access=limited |access-date=December 19, 2020 |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Reuters}}</ref> In what became known as the [[Yinhe incident|''Yinhe'' incident]], United States military vessels and aircraft followed the ''Yinhe,'' disrupting its normal travel route.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Joseph Y.S. |last2=Ngok |first2=King-Lun |date=2004 |title=The 2001 "Spy" Plane Incident Revisited: the Chinese Perspective |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02876957 |journal=Journal of Chinese Political Science |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=63–83 |doi=10.1007/BF02876957 |s2cid=153665643|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Rp|page=69}} The United States unilaterally disabled the ''Yinhe''<nowiki/>'s civilian GPS, causing it lose direction and anchor on the high seas for twenty-four days until it agreed to inspection.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url= |title=The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |pages=63 |doi=10.1515/9781503634152}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-03 |title=The Big Dipper: China's Rival to GPS Becomes an Investment Star |url=https://www.weekinchina.com/2020/07/the-big-dipper-2/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Week In China |language=en-US}}</ref> The ''Yinhe'' experienced shortages of water and fuel.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|pages=69-70}} The inspection, which occurred in Saudi Arabia did not find any improper chemicals<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url= |title=The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |pages=63 |doi=10.1515/9781503634152}}</ref> and on September 4, representatives of the Chinese, Saudi and United States governments jointly signed a certification that the ship's cargo did not contain materials related to chemical weapons.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=He |first=Kai |title=China's Crisis Behavior: Political Survival and Foreign Policy after the Cold War |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-14198-8 |location=Cambridge}}</ref>{{Rp|page=54}}