Editing Caer (section)

== Britain ==
[[Gildas]]'s [[De Excidio Britanniae|account]] of the [[Saxon invasions of Britain]] claimed that there were 28 fortified Roman cities ({{langx|la|[[civitas]]}}) on the island, without listing them.{{refn|''[[s:la:De Excidio Britanniae|De Excidio Britanniae]]'', §&nbsp;3. {{in lang|la}} Cited in the "Civitas" entry of ''Celtic Culture''.<ref name=cc />}} The ''[[Historia Brittonum|History of the Britons]]'' traditionally attributed to [[Nennius]] includes a list of the 28, all of which are called "caer".<ref name=cc>"JTK". [https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&pg=PA451 "Civitas" in ''Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia'', Vol.&nbsp;I, p.&nbsp;451]. ABC-CLIO ([[Santa Barbara, California|Sta. Barbara]]), 2006.</ref>{{refn|Latin names according to [[Theodor Mommsen|Mommsen]]'s edition of [[Historia Brittonum|Nennius]],<ref name=mommy>[[Nennius]] ({{abbr|attrib.|Traditional attribution}}). [[Theodor Mommsen]] ({{abbr|ed.|Editor}}). [[s:la:Historia Brittonum#VI. CIVITATES BRITANNIAE|''Historia Brittonum'', VI.]] Composed after AD&nbsp;830. {{in lang|la}} Hosted at [[s:la:Main Page|Latin Wikisource]].</ref> translations and modern equivalents according to [[David Nash Ford|Ford]],<ref name=nashford>Ford, David Nash. "[http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/nenniuscities.html The 28 Cities of Britain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415120312/http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/nenniuscities.html |date=2016-04-15 }}" at Britannia. 2000.</ref> [[James Ussher|Ussher]],<ref name=shusher>Newman, John Henry &&nbsp;al. [http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Lives-of-the-English-Saints-St-Gilbert-Prior-of-Sempringham-Volume-3/527392/459 ''Lives of the English Saints: St. German, Bishop of Auxerre'', Ch.&nbsp;X: "Britain in 429, A.&nbsp;D.",<!--sic--> p.&nbsp;92.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321234154/http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Lives-of-the-English-Saints-St-Gilbert-Prior-of-Sempringham-Volume-3/527392/459 |date=2016-03-21 }} James Toovey (London), 1844.</ref> or as otherwise noted.}} Controversy exists over whether this list includes only Roman cities or a mixture of Roman cities and non-Roman settlements.<ref>Breeze, Andrew. [http://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/jlo/vol5/iss1/1/ "Historia Brittonum" and Britain's Twenty-Eight Cities at ''Journal of Literary Onomastics'']. 2016.</ref> Some of the place names that have been proposed include:
[[File:Britain roman.png|thumb|300px|right|Roman Britain ([[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica|1911]]).]]
* Cair Brithon ("Fort of the [[Britons (Celtic people)|Britons]]": [[Dumbarton Castle|Dumbarton]] in [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|Strathclyde]]<ref name=nashford />{{refn|[[Bishop Ussher]] argued for [[Bristol]].<ref name=shusher />}})
* Cair Caratauc ("Fort Rampart": [[Old Sarum|Salisbury]]?<ref name=shusher /> [[Sellack]]?<ref name=nashford />)
* Cair Ceint ("Fort [[Kingdom of Kent|Kent]]": [[Durovernum Cantiacorum|Canterbury]])
* Cair Celemion ([[Camalet, Somersetshire|Camalet]]?{{refn|[[Bishop Ussher|Usser]],<ref name=shusher /> following [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]].<ref>Cited in Frank Reno's [https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-bzmtrFnwC&pg=PA203 ''The Historic King Arthur: Authenticating the Celtic Hero of Post-Roman Britain'', Ch.&nbsp;7: "Camelot and Tintagel", p.&nbsp;201].</ref>}} [[Calleva Atrebatum|Silchester]]?<ref name=nashford />)
* Cair Colun ("Fort [[Colonia (Roman)|Colonia]]": [[Camulodunum|Colchester]]?<ref name=nashford /><ref name=shusher />)
* Cair Custoeint ("Fort [[Constantius Chlorus|Constantius]] or [[Constantine (disambiguation)|Constantine]]": [[Segontium|Caernarfon]];{{refn|[[Bishop Ussher]] cites another passage in Nennius:<ref>On page 20 of Stevenson's 1838 edition of Nennius's works.</ref> "Here, says Nennius, [[Constantius (disambiguation)|Constantius]] the [[list of Roman emperors|Emperor]] (the father probably of [[Constantine the Great]]) died; that is, near the town of [[Segontium|Cair Segeint]], or Custoient, in [[Carnarvonshire]]". Nennius stated that the emperor's inscribed tomb was still present in his day.<ref name=shusher /> [[David Nash Ford|Ford]] credits this to Constantine, son of [[Saint Elen]].<ref name=nashford />}} or {{abbr|poss.|Possibly}} a Devonian hillfort{{refn|Per [[David Nash Ford|Ford]], who ascribed Nennius's "Caer-Custoeint" to one of the [[Dumnonia]]n kings named [[Constantine (disambiguation)|Constantine]].<ref name=nashford />}})
* Cair Daun ("Fort [[River Don, South Yorkshire|Don]]": [[Doncaster#Roman|Doncaster]])
* Cair Draitou ([[Drayton, Somerset|Drayton]]?<ref name=shusher /> [[Dunster, Somerset|Dunster]]?<ref name=nashford />)
* Cair Ebrauc ("Fort [[Eboracum|York]]": [[Eboracum|York]])
* Cair Grauth ("Fort [[River Cam|Granta]]": [[Duroliponte|Cambridge]]{{refn|Although note that [[Bishop Ussher]] ascribed this to the [[Cambridge, Gloucestershire|Cambridge]] in [[Gloucestershire]].<ref name=shusher />}})
* Cair Guent ("Fort [[Venta Silurum|Venta]]": [[Caerwent]]<ref name=nashford /> or [[Venta Belgarum|Winchester]]<ref name=shusher />)
* [[Cair Guinntguic]] ("Fort [[Venta Belgarum|Venta]]": [[Venta Belgarum|Winchester]]?<ref name=nashford /> [[Norwich]] or [[Winwick (disambiguation)|Winwick]]?<ref name=shusher />)
* Cair Guiragon ("Fort [[Weorgoran]]": [[Worcester, England|Worcester]])
* Cair Guorthigirn ("Fort [[Vortigern]]": [[Little Doward]]?<ref name=nashford /> [[Moridunum (Carmarthen)|Carmarthen]]?<ref>Veprauskas, Michael. [http://www.vortigernstudies.org.uk/artgue/mikecaer.htm "The Problem of Caer Guorthigirn" at ''Vortigern Studies'']. 1998.</ref>)
* Cair Guricon ([[Warwick]]?<ref name=shusher /> [[Viroconium Cornoviorum|Wroxeter]]?<ref name=nashford />)
* Cair Legeion Guar Usic ("Fort [[Legio II Augusta|Legion]] on the [[Usk River|Usk]]": [[Isca Augusta|Caerleon-upon-Usk]])
* Cair Legion ("Fort [[Legio XX Valeria Victrix|Legion]]": [[Deva Victrix|Chester]])
* Cair Lerion ("Fort [[River Soar|Leir]]": [[Ratae Corieltauvorum|Leicester]])
* Cair Ligualid ("Fort [[Luguwalion|Luguwalos]]": [[Luguvalium|Carlisle]])
* Cair Luit Coyt ("Fort [[Letocetum#Etymology|Grey Wood]]": [[Letocetum|Wall]]{{refn|[[Henry of Huntington]] previously ascribed it to [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]], which was followed until the 19th century, when [[Henry Bradley|Bradley]] placed it at [[Lichfield]],<ref>In ''Academy'', Vol.&nbsp;XXX, Oct. 1886.</ref> thinking it to be the Roman [[Letocetum]]. Instead, excavations have shown that Letocetum was located at nearby [[Wall, Staffordshire|Wall]] instead.<ref name=nashford />}})
* Cair Lundem ("Fort [[Londinium]]": [[Londinum|London]]{{refn|Both Ussher and Ford use the transcription ''Lundein''; with regard to Mommsen, note the similarity with [[Lindum Colonia|Lindum]], the Roman name for present-day [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]], and the generic [[Celtic placename|name]] *''Lindon'', "lake".}})
* Cair Maunguid ([[Mancunium|Manchester]]?)
* Cair Meguaid ("Fort [[Mediolanum (disambiguation)|Mediolanum]]": [[Meifod]]?<ref name=nashford /><ref name=shusher /> [[Llanfyllin]]?<ref name=rob>Williams, Robert. [https://books.google.com/books?id=spYxAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA59 "A History of the Parish of Llanfyllin" in ''Collections Historical & Archaeological Relating to Montgomeryshire'', Vol.&nbsp;III, p.&nbsp;59]. J. Russell Smith (London), 1870.</ref> [[Caersws Roman Forts|Caersws]]?<ref>Roman Britain Organisation. [http://www.roman-britain.org/places/caersws.htm "Mediomanum?" at ''Roman Britain''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401114019/http://www.roman-britain.org/places/caersws.htm |date=2007-04-01 }}. 2010.</ref> in [[Kingdom of Powys|Powys]])
* Cair Mincip ("Fort [[Municipium]]": {{nowrap|[[Verulamium|St Albans]]}})
* Cair 'Pensa vel Coyt' ("Fort [[Penselwood]]":{{refn|''{{lang|cy|[[Welsh toponymy|Coit]]}}'' is Welsh for "woods" or "forest". [[David Nash Ford|Ford]] takes the name as a single construction "Caer-Pensa-Uel-Coyt" ("Fort [[Penselwood]]"), while [[Theodor Mommsen|Mommsen]] and [[Bishop Ussher|Ussher]] treat ''{{lang|la|vel}}'' as the [[Latin]] word for ''or'': "Cair Pensa ''or'' Coyt".<ref name=mommy /><ref name=shusher />}} [[Isca Dumnoniorum|Exeter]]?<ref name=shusher /> [[Lindinis|Ilchester]]?<ref name=nashford />)
* Cair Peris ([[Portus Adurni|Portchester]]?<ref name=shusher /><ref name=nashford /> [[Caer Beris|Builth Wells]]?<ref name=nashford />)
* Cair Segeint ("Fort [[Afon Seiont|Seiont]]": [[Segontium|Caernarfon]];<ref name=nashford /> or {{abbr|poss.|Possibly}} [[Calleva Atrebatum|Silchester]]<ref name=shusher />)
* Cair Urnarc ([[Viroconium Cornoviorum|Wroxeter]]?<ref name=shusher /> [[Durnovaria|Dorchester]]?<ref name=nashford />)

=== Wales ===
[[File:Caernarfon Castle 1994.jpg|thumb|right|[[Caernarfon]] derives its name from the [[Edwardian Conquest of Wales|Edwardian]] Caernarfon Castle]]
[[File:Segontium from the A4085 - geograph.org.uk - 267505.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Roman fort]] now known as [[Segontium]] derived its name from a [[Latinization of names|latinization]] of the [[Britons (Celtic people)|British]] community along the [[Afon Seiont]]<ref name=chessie />]]

The element ''caer'', sometimes anglicized as ''car'', is found in several place-names in Wales such as:
* [[Caerau, Cardiff|Caerau]], Glamorgan ("Forts")<ref name="Deacon2020">{{cite news |last1=Deacon |first1=Thomas |title=How the suburbs of Cardiff got their names |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/cardiff-suburb-names-how-why-11454553 |access-date=15 May 2021 |work=Wales Online |date=29 May 2020}}</ref>
* [[Caereinion]], Montgomeryshire ("Fort on the Einion")<ref name="Morgan1912" />
* [[Caerfallwch]], Flintshire ("Afallach's fort")<ref name="Morgan1912" />
* [[Caerfarchell]], Pembrokeshire ("Marchell's fort")<ref name="pemcoast">{{cite web |title=Place Names |url=https://www.pembrokeshirecoast.wales/about-the-national-park/culture-and-heritage/place-names/ |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>
* [[Carmarthen]], Carmarthenshire (''{{lang|cy|Caerfyrddin}}'', "Merlin's fort").<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Carmarthen |volume= 5 | page= 355 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Caergeiliog]], Anglesey ("Fort of the cockrell")<ref name="JonesRoberts">{{cite book |last1= Jones |first1= Gwilym |last2= Roberts |first2= Tomos|date= 1996|title= Enwau Lleoedd Môn : The Place-Names of Anglesey|location= Bangor, Wales |publisher= University of Wales Press |page= 122|isbn= 0-904567-71-0}}</ref>
* [[Caergwrle]], Flintshire ("Fort of the crane-wood")<ref name="PNWales15">{{cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Hywel Wyn |title=The Place-Names of Wales |date=15 February 2015 |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=9781783161669 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FTqDwAAQBAJ |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>
* [[Caerleon]], Glamorgan (''{{lang|cy|Caerllion}}'', "Fort [[Legio II Augusta|Legion]]")
* [[Caernarfon]], Caernarfonsire ("Fort [[Cantref Arfon|Arfon]]")
* [[Caerphilly]], Glamorgan (''{{lang|cy|Caerffili}}'', "Fort [[Saint Ffili|Ffili]]")
* Caerrhun, Caernarfonshire ("Fort of Rhun")<ref name="Morgan1912" />
* [[Caersws]], Montgomeryshire ("Susan's fort")<ref name="Morgan1912">{{cite book |last1=Morgan |first1=Thomas |title=The Place-Names of Wales |date=1912 |edition=Second and revised |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028086621/cu31924028086621_djvu.txt |access-date=16 May 2021}}</ref>
* [[Caerwent]], Monmouthshire ("Fort [[Venta Silurum|Venta]]")
* [[Cardiff]], Glamorgan (''{{lang|cy|Caerdydd}}'', "Fort [[River Taff|Taf]]")
* [[Carew, Pembrokeshire|Carew]], Pembrokeshire<ref name="pemcoast" />
* [[Gaerwen]], Anglesey (''Caerwen'', "white fort")<ref name="Morgan1912" />
* [[Holyhead]], Anglesey (''{{lang|cy|Caergybi}}'', "Fort [[Saint Cybi|Cybi]]")

=== England ===
The Cumbric language was spoken in Northern England until the Medieval era in which the element ''caer'' ("fort") was used in naming places.<ref name="BLITON" /> It also appears in Cornish place-names as ''Ker-''.<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Caer Mote|Caermote]], Cumberland (''Caermollt'', "Fort of the wether")<ref name="BLITON" />
* Cardew, Cumberland (''Caerdu'', "Black fort")<ref name="BLITON" />
* Cardunneth, Cumberland (''Caerdunawd'', "Dünǭd's fort")<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Cardurnock]], Cumberland (''Caerdwrnog'', "Fort of the fist-sized stones")<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Cargo, Cumbria|Cargo]], Cumberland (''Caergoll'', "Fort of hazel")<ref name="BLITON" />
* Carhullan, Westmorland ("Fort of Holland")<ref name="BLITON" />
* Carrick, Northumberland (''Caerwig'', "vicus fort")<ref name="BLITON" />
* Carlatton, Cumberland ("Fort of the leek enclosure")<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]], Cumberland (''{{lang|cy|Caerliwelydd}}'', "Fort [[Luguwalion|Luguwalos]]")<ref name="BLITON">{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Alan |title=The Brittonic Language in the Old North |url=https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2020_Edition.pdf |website=Scottish Place Name Society}}</ref>
* Carmolt, Cumberland (''Caermollt'', "Fort of the wether")<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Carrycoats]], Northumberland (''{{lang|cy|Caerycoed}}'', "Fort of the wood")<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Carvoran]], Northumberland (''{{lang|cy|Caerferin}}'', "Fort of the Morini")<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Kerrier]], Cornwall<ref name="D. Mills, 2011">A. D. Mills, ''A Dictionary of British Place Names'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), s.v.</ref>

''Caer'' is also found in Welsh exonyms for English cities.
* [[Cambridge]] (''{{lang|cy|Caergrawnt}}'', "Fort [[River Cam|Granta]]")
* [[Canterbury]] (''{{lang|cy|Caergaint}}'', "Fort [[Kingdom of Kent|Kent]]")
* [[Chester]] (''{{lang|cy|Caer}}'', "Fort")
* [[Chichester]] (''{{lang|cy|Caerfuddai}}''&thinsp;)
* [[Durham, England|Durham]] (''{{lang|cy|Caerweir}}'', "Fort of the [[River Wear|Wear]]")<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Gloucester]] (''{{lang|cy|Caerloyw}}''&thinsp;)
* [[Exeter]] (''{{lang|cy|Caerwysg}}'', "Fort [[River Exe|Usk]]", also Cornish ''Karesk'')
* [[Lancashire|Lancaster]] (''{{lang|cy|Caerhirfryn}}''&thinsp;)
* [[Leicester]] (''{{lang|cy|Caerlŷr}}'', "Fort [[River Soar|Leir]]")
* [[Lichfield]] (''{{lang|cy|Caerlwytgoed}}'', "Fort [[Letocetum#Etymology|Grey Wood]]")
* [[Salisbury]] (''{{lang|cy|Caersallog}}''&thinsp;)
* [[Winchester]] (''{{lang|cy|Caerwynt}}''&thinsp;)
* [[Worcester, England|Worcester]] (''{{lang|cy|Caerwrangon}}''&thinsp;)

[[File:Carriden House.jpg|thumb|Carriden House, a refurbished Roman fort which formerly formed part of the [[Antonine Wall]] in Scotland.]]

=== Scotland ===
[[Cumbric]] and [[Pictish]] were Brittonic languages spoken in Scotland until around the 12th century, and ''caer'' ("fort") was a place-naming element in both languages.<ref name="BLITON" /><ref name="PNF" />
* Caerketton, Midlothian ("Fort of Catel")<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Caerlanrig]], Roxburghshire (''{{lang|cy|Caerllanerch}}''; "Fort Clearing")<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Caerlaverock]], Dumfriesshire ("Fort of Llywarch")<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Carcluie Loch|Carcluie]], Ayrshire ("Fort of Clewein")<ref name="BLITON" />
* Carden, Fife. Formerly ''Cardenni''<ref name="PNF" />
* [[Cardonald]], Renfrewshire ("Duμnwal's fort")<ref name="BLITON" />
* Carleith, Dunbartonshire<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Carmichael, South Lanarkshire|Carmichael]], Lanarkshire ("Fort of Saint Michael")
* Carmuirs, Stirlingshire<ref name="BLITON" />
* Carmurie, Fife ("Fort of the Sea")<ref name="PNF" />
* [[Carmyllie]], Angus ("Fort of the warrior")<ref name="cpns" />
* [[Carpow]], Perthshire (''{{lang|cy|Caerpwll}}''; "Fort of the sluggish stream")<ref name="PNF" />
* [[Carriden House|Carriden]], West Lothian ("Fort [[Eidyn]]")
* [[Carruthers]], Dumfriesshire ("Fort of Rhodri")<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Carstairs]], Lanarkshire ("Fort of the Tarras")<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Crail]], Fife ("Fort of the rock")<ref name="PNF">{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Taylor |last2=Markus |first2=Gilbert |title=The Place-names of Fife |date=2006 |publisher=Shaun Tyas |isbn=9781900289771 |edition=Illustrated}}</ref>
* [[Cramond]], Midlothian ("Fort [[River Almond, Lothian|Almond]]")
* Kair, Kincardineshire ("Fort")<ref name="cpns" />
* Keir, Aberdeenshire ("Fort")<ref name="cpns">{{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=W.J. |last2=Taylor |first2=Simon |title=The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland |date=2011 |publisher=Birlinn LTD |isbn=9781906566357 |edition=reprint}}</ref>
* [[Keir, Dumfries and Galloway|Keir]], Dumfries-shire ("Fort")<ref name="BLITON" />
* Keir, Stirlingshire ("Fort")<ref name="pp">{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Mark A |last2=Driscoll |first2=Stephen T |last3=Geddess |first3=Jane |title=Pictish Progress: New Studies on Northern Britain in the Early Middle Ages |date=11 November 2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004188013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6d55DwAAQBAJ |access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref>
* Keirhill, West Lothian<ref name="BLITON" />
* Keirs, Ayrshire<ref name="BLITON" />
* [[Kirkbuddo]], Angus ("Fort of Buiteoc")<ref name="pp" />
* [[Kirkcaldy]], Fife (''{{lang|cy|Caercaledin}}''; "place of the hard fort" or "place of Caled's fort")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fife-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk/placename/?id=726|title=Fife Place-name Data :: Kirkcaldy|website=fife-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk}}</ref>
* [[Kirkintilloch]], Dunbartonshire. Formerly ''Caerpentaloch''<ref name="BLITON" />