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Cage effect
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== Initiator efficiency == In free radical polymerization, the rate of initiation is dependent on how effective the initiator is.<ref name=":1" /> Low initiator efficiency, Ζ, is largely attributed to the cage effect. The rate of initiation is described as: :<math>R_i = 2fk_d[I] </math> <ref name=":1" /> where R<sub>i</sub> is the rate of initiation, k<sub>d</sub> is the rate constant for initiator dissociation, [I] is the initial concentration of initiator. Initiator efficiency represents the fraction of primary radicals RΒ·, that actually contribute to chain initiation. Due to the cage effect, free radicals can undergo mutual deactivation which produces stable products instead of initiating propagation β reducing the value of Ζ.<ref name=":1" />
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