Editing Calorie restriction (section)

===Risks of malnutrition===
The term "calorie restriction" as used in [[gerontology|the study of aging]] refers to dietary regimens that reduce calorie intake without incurring [[malnutrition]].<ref name=lee/> If a restricted diet is not designed to include essential nutrients, malnutrition may result in serious deleterious effects, as shown in the [[Minnesota Starvation Experiment]].<ref name="Keys A 1950" /> This study was conducted during [[World War II]] on a group of lean men, who restricted their calorie intake by 45%<ref>Keys A 1950, p. 114.</ref> for six months and composed roughly 77% of their diet with carbohydrates.<ref name="Keys A 1950">Keys A, Brozek J, Henschels A & Mickelsen O & Taylor H. The Biology of Human Starvation, 1950. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis</ref> As expected, this malnutrition resulted in [[Starvation response|metabolic adaptations]], such as decreased body fat, improved lipid profile, and decreased resting heart rate. The experiment also caused negative effects, such as [[anemia]], [[edema]], [[Muscle atrophy|muscle wasting]], [[weakness]], [[dizziness]], [[irritability]], [[lethargy]], and depression.<ref name="Keys A 1950" />

Typical low-calorie diets may not supply sufficient nutrient intake that is typically included in a calorie restriction diet.<ref name="St. Jeor et al, 2001">{{Cite journal |vauthors=St Jeor ST, Howard BV, Prewitt TE, Bovee V, Bazzarre T, Eckel RH |date=October 2001 |title=Dietary protein and weight reduction: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association |journal=Circulation |volume=104 |issue=15 |pages=1869–1874 |doi=10.1161/hc4001.096152 |pmid=11591629 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="de Souza et al, 2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Souza RJ, Swain JF, Appel LJ, Sacks FM |date=July 2008 |title=Alternatives for macronutrient intake and chronic disease: a comparison of the OmniHeart diets with popular diets and with dietary recommendations |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/88.1.1 |pmc=2674146 |pmid=18614716}}</ref><ref name="Ma et al, 2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ma Y, Pagoto SL, Griffith JA, Merriam PA, Ockene IS, Hafner AR, Olendzki BC |date=October 2007 |title=A dietary quality comparison of popular weight-loss plans |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=107 |issue=10 |pages=1786–1791 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2007.07.013 |pmc=2040023 |pmid=17904938}}</ref>