Editing Camiguin (section)

==History==
===Early history===
The island of Camiguin is believed to have been first inhabited by the [[Manobo]] people of Surigao del Norte, as evidenced by the distinctly connected language between the two groups. The island was used as a trading stop point by various merchants and traders from the [[Rajahnate of Butuan]], the Kedatuan of Dapitan, the ancient people of the [[Anda, Bohol|Anda]] peninsula, and possibly the [[Rajahnate of Cebu]] and the animist [[Maranao]] of Lanao before the Islamization of the Lanao provinces.

===Spanish colonial era===
Old Spanish documents indicate that the explorers [[Ferdinand Magellan]] and [[Miguel Lopez de Legaspi]] landed in Camiguin in 1521 and 1565, respectively. The first Spanish settlement was established in 1598 in what is now [[Guinsiliban, Camiguin|Guinsiliban]]. Guinsiliban, which comes from the old Kinamiguin word ''Ginsil-ipan'' (which means “to look out for pirates from a watchtower”) has an old Spanish [[watchtower]] where the Camiguinons kept watch for [[Moro people|Moro]] pirates.<ref name="History"/>

The first major Spanish settlement, established in 1679, was called ''Katagman'' or ''Katadman'' (known as [[Catarman, Camiguin|Catarman]]). The settlement grew and prospered but was destroyed by the [[Camiguin#Natural Disasters|eruption of Mt. Vulcan]] in 1871. The former location is what is now ''[[Barangay]] Bonbon'' of Catarman.<ref name="History"/>

[[Sagay, Camiguin|Sagay]], located south of Catarman, was formally established as a town in 1848. The word ''Sagay'' is derived from the name of poisonous fruit trees that grow in the area. Mambajao became a town in 1855. The name was coined from the [[Visayan language|Visayan]] terms ''mamahaw'', meaning to usher breakfast, and ''bajao'', which is leftover boiled rice. In the early 1900s, Mambajao prospered and became the busiest port in Northern Mindanao. [[Mahinog, Camiguin|Mahinog]] was established as a municipality in 1860. The name ''Mahinog'' comes from a Visayan word meaning "to ripen" or "to become ripe". Although Guinsiliban was the oldest settlement in the island, it was only in 1950 that it became a municipality. Mahinog was formerly governed by Mambajao while Guinsiliban was formally governed from Sagay.<ref name="History"/>

===American invasion era===
In 1901, in the middle of the [[Philippine–American War]], American soldiers landed in Camiguin to assume political control over the island. A group of Camiguinons, armed with [[Bolo knife|bolo]]s and spears, led by ''Valero Camaro'', fought them in a short battle in Catarman. Valero Camaro was killed by a bullet in the forehead. Further study is needed before he and his band can be recognized as patriots in the same way the Katipuneros are recognized. There is no study that identifies an independence movement in Camiguin during the American occupation. However, a small detail with regards to the colonial resistance in Cagayan, Misamis indicates that Camiguinons supported in a clandestine way the revolutionary activities of the Cagayanons against the new colonizers. They offered their arms and ammunitions and a typewriter to the revolucionarios in Cagayan.<ref>Bautista, Filomeno. The Philippine Revolution in Misamis Province (unpublished manuscript) as published in "The Local Historical Sources of Mindanao", edited by Fr. Francsico R. Demetrio, S.J. XU Press 1995.</ref> In the same year, Camiguin became part of the newly established province of [[Misamis (province)|Misamis]] by virtue of Act No. 128.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=Act|number=128|url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/28/9360|title=An Act Extending the Provisions of the Provincial Government Act to the Province of Misamis|date=May 15, 1901|accessdate=July 30, 2024|publisher=Supreme Court E-Library}}</ref>

In 1903, the first public school in Camiguin was built in Mambajao but what is known today as the Mambajao Central School was completed in 1912. On September 9, 1904, the first public water system, known as Las Aguas Potables de Mambajao, spearheaded by an admired civic leader by the name of Placido Reyes and co-operated by townspeople, was inaugurated.<ref name="bar"<ref>Elio, Vicente. Las Aguas Potables de Mambajao. 1910</ref>

In 1929, Camiguin Island became part of [[Misamis Oriental|Oriental Misamis]] when [[Misamis (province)|Misamis]] was divided into two provinces by virtue of Act No. 3537. The change took effect on January 1, 1930.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=Act|number=3537|url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/28/54514|title=An Act to Create the Provinces of Oriental Misamis and Occidental Misamis; Establish the Boundaries Thereof; Assign One Representative to Each Province; and Repeal Act Numbered Thirty-three Hundred and Fifty-four, and for Other Purposes|date=November 2, 1929|accessdate=July 30, 2024|publisher=Supreme Court E-Library}}</ref>

===Japanese occupation era===
On June 18, 1942, the [[Japanese Imperial Army]] landed in Camiguin and set up a government in Mambajao. They gutted central Mambajao in reprisal to guerrilla activities in the area. The remains of some of these buildings still exist today.<ref name="History"/>

===Postwar era===
On July 4, 1946, the Philippines gained independence from the [[United States]]. On June 22, 1957, Camiguin formally became a subprovince of [[Misamis Oriental]] through Republic Act No. 2021 signed by President [[Carlos P. Garcia]].<ref>{{cite PH act |chamber=RA |number=2021 |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/10801 |title=an Act Creating the Subprovince of Camiguin in the Province of Misamis Oriental |publisher=Supreme Court E-Library |date=June 22, 1957 |access-date=February 18, 2023 }}</ref>

Finally, on June 18, 1966, Camiguin was made into a separate province through Republic Act No. 4669<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=RA|number=4669|url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/6798|title=An Act Separating the Subprovince of Camiguin From the Province of Misamis Oriental and Establishing It as an Independent Province|publisher=Supreme Court E-Library|date=June 18, 1966|access-date=February 18, 2023 }}</ref> which was formally signed in 1968.<ref name="History"/>

===Martial Law dictatorship era===
{{main|Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship}}
The beginning months of the 1970s had marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, with many implications for Camiguin.<ref name="Robles2016">{{Cite book|last=Robles|first=Raissa|title=Marcos Martial Law: Never Again|publisher=Filipinos for a Better Philippines, Inc.|year=2016}}</ref><ref name ="GazetteHistoryProtest">{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/edsa/the-ph-protest/ |title=A History of the Philippine Political Protest &#124; Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |access-date=2024-06-17 |archive-date=2017-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703123638/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/edsa/the-ph-protest/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During his [[Ferdinand Marcos’ 1969 reelection campaign|bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected]] for a second term, [[Ferdinand Marcos]] launched an unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects. This caused<ref name=Balbosas1992>{{Cite journal|last=Balbosa|first=Joven Zamoras|date=1992|title=IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines|journal=Journal of Philippine Development|volume=XIX|issue=35|url=https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidsjpd92-2imf.pdf|access-date=November 6, 2022|archive-date=September 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921141056/https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidsjpd92-2imf.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Balisacan&Hill2003">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_L9k58WM9UC&q=The+Philippine+economy+under+Marcos:+A+balance+sheet|title=The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges|last1=Balisacan|first1=A. M.|last2=Hill|first2=Hal|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195158984|language=en|access-date=2024-06-17|archive-date=2023-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218080523/https://books.google.com/books?id=O_L9k58WM9UC&q=The+Philippine+economy+under+Marcos:+A+balance+sheet|url-status=live}}</ref> the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the [[1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis]], which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and a significant rise of social unrest.<ref name="Cororaton1997">{{Cite journal|last=Cororaton|first=Cesar B.|title=Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines|journal=DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05|pages=3, 19}}</ref><ref name="Celoza1997">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC|title=Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism|last=Celoza|first=Albert F.|date=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275941376|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/philippinesreade00schi|title=The Philippines reader : a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance|last=Schirmer|first=Daniel B.|date=1987|publisher=South End Press|isbn=0896082768|edition=1st|location=Boston|oclc=14214735}}</ref><ref name="Kessler1989">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/rebellionrepress0000kess|title=Rebellion and repression in the Philippines|last=Kessler|first=Richard J.|date=1989|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300044062|location=New Haven|oclc=19266663|url-access=registration}}</ref> {{rp|page="43"}}

In 1972, one year before the expected end of his last constitutionally allowed term as president in 1973, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under [[Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos|Martial Law]].<ref name ="Kasaysayan9ch10">{{Cite book |title=Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. |publisher=Asia Publishing Company Limited |year=1998 |editor-last=Magno |editor-first=Alexander R. |location=Hong Kong |chapter=Democracy at the Crossroads}}</ref> This allowed Marcos to remain in power for fourteen more years, during which Camiguin went through many social and economic ups and downs.<ref name ="Kasaysayan9ch10"/> Camiguinon citizens were among those who were victims of the [[Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|human rights abuses]] during [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos]]; some of them were among the Northern Mindanaoans whose grievances were formally recognized and granted the right to reparations in 2014.<ref name="MartialLawReparations2014">{{Cite news |last=Lagsa |first=Bobby |date=2014-02-07 |title=Martial Law victims in N. Mindanao receive compensation |language=en-US |work=[[Rappler]] |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/49957-martial-law-victims-northern-mindanao-compensation/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521124031/https://www.rappler.com/nation/49957-martial-law-victims-northern-mindanao-compensation/ |archive-date=2014-05-21 }}</ref>

=== Recent history ===
In 2004, an area in the core of the island which included the Mambajao and its highest peak Mount Timpoong, as well as Mount Catarman including the active volcano Mount Hibok-Hibok, as a protected area named the Timpoong and Hibok-Hibok Natural Monument. Proclamation 570 s. 2004, which created the monument, also set aside its adjacent areas as "buffer zones" for the protection of the area. During the 13th [[ASEAN]] Ministerial Meeting on the Environment in 2015, the Timpoong and Hibok-Hibok monument was formally declared an [[ASEAN Heritage Park]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/11/08/1519627/mt.-hibok-hibok-named-asean-heritage-park |title=Mt. Hibok-Hibok named Asean heritage park |author=Villanueva, Rhodina |publisher=[[Philippine Star]] |date=8 November 2015 |access-date=8 November 2015}}</ref>