Editing Candy (section)

===Industrial Revolution===

The candy business underwent a drastic change in the 1830s when technological advances and the availability of sugar opened up the market. The new market was not only for the enjoyment of the rich but also for the pleasure of the working class. There was also an increasing market for children. While some fine confectioners remained, the [[candy store]] became a favorite of the child of the [[Working class in the United States|American working class]]. Penny candies epitomized this transformation of candy. [[Penny candy]] became the first material good that children spent their own money on. For this reason, candy store-owners relied almost entirely on the business of children to keep them running. Even penny candies were directly descended from [[Throat lozenge|medicated lozenges]] that held bitter medicine in a hard sugar coating.<ref name="Refined Tastes">{{cite book|last=Woloson|first=Wendy|title=Refined Tastes|year=2002|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore}}</ref>

In 1847, the invention of the [[candy press]] (also known under the surprising name of a ''toy machine'') made it possible to produce multiple shapes and sizes of candy at once. In 1851, confectioners began to use a revolving steam pan to assist in boiling sugar. This transformation meant that the candy maker was no longer required to continuously stir the boiling sugar. The heat from the surface of the pan was also much more evenly distributed and made it less likely the sugar would burn. These innovations made it possible for only one or two people to successfully run a candy business.<ref name=Encyclopedia />

[[File:Our Mutual Friend by Joseph Keppler 1885 Puck 2017011.tif|thumb |right|''Our Mutual Friend'', January 7, 1885, satirical cartoon by [[Joseph Keppler]], warning of the dangers of color additives used in candy.]]
As the path from producer to market became increasingly complicated, many foods were affected by [[adulteration]] and the addition of [[Food additive|additives]] which ranged from relatively harmless ingredients, such as cheap [[Corn starch|cornstarch]] and [[corn syrup]], to poisonous ones. Some manufacturers produced bright colors in candy by the addition of hazardous substances for which there was no legal regulation: green ([[chromium(III) oxide]] and [[copper acetate]]), red ([[lead(II,IV) oxide]] and [[mercury sulfide]]), yellow ([[lead chromate]]) and white ([[chalk]], [[arsenic trioxide]]).<ref name="Distillations"/>

In an 1885 cover cartoon for ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]]'', [[Joseph Keppler]] satirized the dangers of additives in candy by depicting the "mutual friendship" between striped candy, doctors, and [[Sexton (office)|gravediggers]]. By 1906, research into the dangers of additives, exposés of the food industry, and public pressure led to the passage of the [[Pure Food and Drug Act]], the first federal United States law to regulate food and drugs, including candy.<ref name="Distillations">{{cite journal|last1=Hansen|first1=Bert|date=2017|title=Our Mutual Friend|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/our-mutual-friend|journal=Distillations|volume=3|issue=2|pages=10–11|access-date=April 17, 2018|archive-date=June 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602060326/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/our-mutual-friend|url-status=live}}</ref>