Editing Capsizing (section)

==Large vessels==
In a storm, even large vessels may be rolled by being hit broadside by a large wave or swell or "pitch poled" [[Stem (ship)|stem]] over [[stern]] in extreme [[Ocean surface wave|waves]]. This is normally catastrophic for larger ships, and smaller yachts can be dismasted (i.e., lose their [[mast (sailing)|masts]] and [[rigging]]) due to the drag as the boat is forced to roll over.

A ship that sustains a hole or crack ('is holed') may capsize.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/christopherbooker/9030330/The-EU-ignored-years-of-expert-warnings-on-cruise-ship-safety.html ''The Telegraph'': The EU ignored years of expert warnings on cruise ship safety.] Discussion of stability when large modern ships are holed</ref> This is the working of [[torpedo]] and [[naval mine]] warfare. In 2012 the very large [[cruise ship]] ''{{ship||Costa Concordia||2}}'' was holed and lost her propulsion by striking a charted rock, and drifted further where she partially sank just outside the harbor entrance, coming to rest with her starboard side submerged and resting on the seafloor with approximately two-thirds of her structure above the sea. This was not a capsize as her bottom was only partly exposed; rather this was a partial [[Shipwreck|sinking]]. Fixing a hole is called plugging.
[[File:Collision_of_Costa_Concordia_11.jpg|thumb|left|The ''Costa Concordia'' after sinking and running [[aground]]]]

Otherwise a vessel in largely upright position which capsizes has suffered too much water to enter in places normally above the waterline, and which may be caused by poor manoeuvering, overloading (see [[Plimsoll Line]]) or poor weather. As for holes, bailing may be carried out &ndash; removal of water aboard such as with a [[bilge pump]], [[hand bailer|self or hand bailer]], buckets or de-watering pumps. At the stage of sinking where its buoyancy is deemed critical, the ship is unlikely to upright nor able to right itself such that stability and safety will be compromised even if the vessel is righted &mdash; a decision is made to abandon ship and any ultimate salvage may entail firm grounding and re-buoyancy pumps. Among ship types, a [[RORO|roll-on-roll-off (RORO or ro-ro) ship]] is more prone to capsizing as it has large open car decks near the [[waterline]]. If the watertight car-deck doors fail through damage or mismanagement (as in the partial sinking of {{MS|Herald of Free Enterprise}} where the doors were accidentally left open, and as in one of the largest peacetime maritime disasters when {{MS|Estonia}} sank off of the [[Archipelago Sea]] in Finland), water entering the car-deck is subject to the [[free surface effect]] and may cause a capsize. As a RORO ferry [[Roll (ship)|rolls]], vehicles can break free and slide down if not firmly secured, adversely altering the ship's [[centre of gravity]], [[accelerating]] the roll, and possibly turning an otherwise recoverable roll into a capsize.