Editing Capuchin monkey (section)

== Classification ==

The species-level [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of this subfamily remains highly controversial, and alternative treatments than the one listed below have been suggested.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Amaral | first1 = P. J. S | last2 = Finotelo | first2 = L. F. M. | last3 = De Oliveira | first3 = E. H. C | last4 = Pissinatti | first4 = A. | last5 = Nagamachi | first5 = C. Y. | last6 = Pieczarka | first6 = J. C. | year = 2008 | title = Phylogenetic studies of the genus ''Cebus'' (Cebidae-Primates) using chromosome painting and G-banding. | journal = BMC Evol. Biol. | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | page = 169 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-169 | pmid=18534011 | pmc=2435554 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2008BMCEE...8..169A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rylands | first1 = A. B. | last2 = Kierulff | first2 = M. C. M. | last3 = Mittermeier | first3 = R. A. | year = 2005 | title = Notes on the taxonomy and distributions of the tufted capuchin monkeys (''Cebus'', Cebidae) of South America | url =https://www2.icb.ufmg.br/lundiana/Contents/full/vol6sup2005/17.pdf | journal = Lundiana | volume = 6 | issue = supp | pages = 97–110 | doi = 10.35699/2675-5327.2005.22130 }}</ref><ref name=silva2001>Silva Jr., J. de S. (2001). ''Especiação nos macacos-prego e caiararas, gênero ''Cebus'' Erxleben, 1777 (Primates, Cebidae).'' PhD thesis, Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</ref><ref name=iucn>[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] (2008). [http://www.iucnredlist.org/ 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.] Accessed 23 November 2008</ref>

In 2011, Jessica Lynch Alfaro et al. proposed that the [[robust capuchin]]s (formerly the ''C. apella'' group) be placed in a separate genus, ''Sapajus'', from the [[gracile capuchin]]s (formerly the ''C. capucinus'' group) which retain the genus ''Cebus''.<ref name="alfaro-genetic">{{cite journal|title=Explosive Pleistocene range expansion leads to widespread Amazonian sympatry between robust and gracile capuchin monkeys|author=Lynch Alfaro, J.W.|journal=Journal of Biogeography|url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19113390/1559919033/name/jbi_2609_Rev_EVcorrectedproof.pdf|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02609.x|year=2011|display-authors=etal|volume=39|issue=2|pages=272–288|s2cid=13791283 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226082115/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19113390/1559919033/name/jbi_2609_Rev_EVcorrectedproof.pdf|archive-date=2015-02-26}}</ref><ref name=alfaro>{{cite journal|title=How Different Are Robust and Gracile Capuchin Monkeys? An Argument for the Use of ''Sapajus'' and ''Cebus''|author1=Lynch Alfaro, J.W. |author2=Silva, j. |author3=Rylands, A.B. |doi=10.1002/ajp.22007|pmid=22328205|year=2012|pages=1–14|journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=74|issue=4 |s2cid=18840598 }}</ref> Other primatologists, such as [[Paul Garber]], have begun using this classification.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Experimental Field Study of Problem-Solving Using Tools in Free-Ranging Capuchins (''Sapajus nigritus'', formerly ''Cebus nigritus'')|author=Garber, P.A.|author-link=Paul Garber|author2=Gomes, D.F.|author3=Bicca-Marquez, J.C.|name-list-style=amp|journal=American Journal of Primatology|volume=74|year=2011|pages=344–58|pmid=21538454|url=https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/p-garber/www/publications/Garberetal2011Capuchintool.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218211740/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/p-garber/www/publications/Garberetal2011Capuchintool.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-18|doi=10.1002/ajp.20957|issue=4|s2cid=39363765}}</ref>

According to genetic studies led by Lynch Alfaro in 2011, the gracile and robust capuchins diverged approximately 6.2 million years ago. Lynch Alfaro suspects that the divergence was triggered by the creation of the Amazon River, which separated the monkeys in the Amazon north of the Amazon River, who then evolved into the gracile capuchins. Those in the Atlantic Forest south of the river evolved into the robust capuchins. Gracile capuchins have longer limbs relative to their body size than robust capuchins, and have rounder skulls, whereas robust capuchins have jaws better adapted for opening hard nuts. Robust capuchins have crests and the males have beards.<ref name="alfaro-genetic" /><ref name="alfaro" />

* '''Genus ''[[Cebus]]'''''<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=136–138|id=12100255}}</ref><ref name=handbook>{{cite book|title=Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates|year=2012|isbn=978-8496553897|publisher=Lynx |editor=Mittermeier, Russell A. |editor2=Rylands, Anthony B. |editor3=Wilson, Don E.|pages=412–413}}</ref>
** [[Colombian white-faced capuchin]] or Colombian white-headed capuchin, ''Cebus capucinus''
** [[Panamanian white-faced capuchin]] or Panamanian white-headed capuchin, ''Cebus imitator''
** [[Marañón white-fronted capuchin]], ''Cebus yuracus''
** [[Shock-headed capuchin]], ''Cebus cuscinus''
** [[Spix's white-fronted capuchin]], ''Cebus unicolor''
** [[Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin]], ''Cebus albifrons''
** [[Guianan weeper capuchin]], ''Cebus olivaceus''
**[[Chestnut weeper capuchin]], ''Cebus castaneus''
** [[Ka'apor capuchin]], ''Cebus kaapori''
** [[Venezuelan brown capuchin]], ''Cebus brunneus''
** [[Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin]], ''Cebus leucocephalus''
** [[Río Cesar white-fronted capuchin]], ''Cebus cesare''
** [[Varied white-fronted capuchin]], ''Cebus versicolor''
** [[Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin]], ''Cebus malitiosus''
** [[Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin]], ''Cebus aequatorialis''

[[File:Capuchin monkeys sharing.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tufted capuchin]] (''Sapajus apella'')]]

* '''Genus ''[[Sapajus]]'''''<ref name=silva2001/><ref name=alfaro/>
** Black-capped, brown or [[tufted capuchin]], ''Sapajus apella''
*** [[Guiana brown capuchin]], ''Sapajus apella apella''
*** ''Sapajus apella fatuellus''
*** [[Large-headed capuchin]], ''Sapajus apella macrocephalus''
*** Margarita Island capuchin, ''Sapajus apella margaritae''
*** ''Sapajus apella peruanus''
*** ''Sapajus apella tocantinus''
** [[Blond capuchin]], ''Sapajus flavius''*
** [[Black-striped capuchin]], ''Sapajus libidinosus''
*** ''Sapajus libidinosus juruanus''
*** ''Sapajus libidinosus libidinosus''
*** ''Sapajus libidinosus pallidus''
*** ''Sapajus libidinosus paraguayanus''
** [[Azaras's capuchin]], ''Sapajus cay''
**[[Black capuchin]], ''Sapajus nigritus''
*** ''Sapajus nigritus cucullatus''
*** ''Sapajus nigritus nigritus''
** [[Crested capuchin]] or robust tufted capuchin, ''Sapajus robustus''
** [[Golden-bellied capuchin]], ''Sapajus xanthosternos''

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Rediscovered species.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Boletim do Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro), Zoologia |series=Nova Série | url = http://acd.ufrj.br/~museuhp/CP/Bol-Zool/BolZool2006/Bol%20Zool%20MN%20523.pdf | issue = 523 | year = 2006 | pages = 1–16 | title = Rediscovery of Marcgrave's capuchin monkey and designation of a neotype for ''Simia flavia'' Schreber, 1774 (Primates, Cebidae) | author1 = de Oliveira, M. M. | author2 = Langguth, A. | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205133225/http://acd.ufrj.br/~museuhp/CP/Bol-Zool/BolZool2006/Bol%20Zool%20MN%20523.pdf | archive-date = 2009-02-05 }} See also: {{cite journal | journal = Zootaxa | url = http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01200p012.pdf | issue = 1200 | year = 2006 | pages = 1–12 | title = A new species of capuchin monkey, genus ''Cebus'' Erxleben (Cebidae, Primates): found at the very brink of extinction in the Pernambuco Endemism Centre | author = Mendes Pontes, A. R. | author2 = Malta, A. | author3 = Asfora, P. H. | name-list-style = amp }}</ref>

The oldest known crown [[Platyrrhini|platyrrhine]] and member of Cebidae, ''[[Panamacebus transitus]]'', is estimated to have lived 21 million years ago. It is the earliest known fossil evidence of a mammal travelling between South and North America.<ref>{{cite journal |title=First North American fossil monkey and early Miocene tropical biotic interchange |year=2016 |last1=Bloch |first1=Jonathan I. |last2=Woodruff |first2=Emily D. |last3=Wood |first3=Aaron R. |last4=Rincon |first4=Aldo F. |last5=Harrington |first5=Arianna R. |last6=Morgan |first6=Gary S. |last7=Foster |first7=David A. |last8=Montes |first8=Camilo |last9=Jaramillo |first9=Carlos A. |last10=Jud |first10=Nathan A. |last11=Jones |first11=Douglas S. |last12=MacFadden |first12=Bruce J. |journal=Nature |volume=533 |issue=7602 |pages=243–246 |pmid=27096364 |s2cid=4445687 |doi=10.1038/nature17415|bibcode=2016Natur.533..243B }}</ref>