Editing Case role (section)

==Early contributions to case role==

=== Roman Jakobson's work on case roles in Russian ===
In his article on the case system of [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Roman Jakobson]] (1958) closely examines case assignment and argues for a feature decomposition of case on the basis of semantic considerations.<ref name="Jakobson">{{cite journal|last=Jakobson|first=R.O.|title=Contribution to the General Theory of Case: General Meanings of the Russian Cases|journal=Gesamtbedeutung der Russischen Kasus: Beitrag zur Allgemeinen Kasuslehre|series=In L.R. Waugh & H. Morris (eds.)|pages=59–103}}</ref> Jakobson (1958) proposed a three-feature binary case system for Russian case which includes the following: ±marginal, ±quantifying, and ±ascriptive, where the negative value is considered to be unmarked{{Clarification needed|reason=What does 'markedness' mean in this context?|date=July 2024}}. The term ''marginal'' distinguishes the direct and non-direct cases; only the -marginal cases may occur in subject and object position. [[Quantification (linguistics)|''Quantifying'']] indicates the relevance of the extent to which the noun is a participant in the event. ''Ascriptive'' puts emphasis on directionality.<ref name="Jakobson" />

Jakobson considers cases to be bundles of these three features, which can be assigned to morphological cases:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Marginal!! Quantifying !! Ascriptive 
|-
|[[Nominative]]|| 
:-
||
::-
||
:-
|-
|[[Accusative case|Accusative]]|| 
:-
||
::-
||
:+
|-
|[[Genitive case|Genitive 1]]|| 
:-
||
::+
||
:+
|-
|Genitive 2|| 
:-
||
::+
||
:- 
|-
|[[Locative case|Locative 1]]|| 
:+
||
::+
||
:+ 
|-
|Locative 2|| 
:+
||
::+
||
:-
|-
|[[Dative case|Dative]]|| 
:+
||
::- 
||
:+
|-
|[[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]|| 
:+
||
::- 
||
:-
|}

He uses these decomposed case features to account for the case alternations in subject and object position, and argues for how there should be a universal inventory of case roles.<ref name="Jakobson"/>