Editing Cayor (section)

== History ==
There are no written sources for the early history of Cayor, and even oral traditions are sparse. The legend of [[Ndiadiane Ndiaye]], the first ''Buurba Jolof'', claims that the ruler of Cayor voluntarily submitted to him, but this is likely a later invention to celebrate the unity of the empire. Cayor certainly existed before its integration into the empire, as the kings lists preserved in oral history goes back as far as Jolof's.{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=46-7}}

Under Jolof hegemony, Cayor was ruled by a Great [[Lamane]] traditionally elected by the other Lamanes from the Fall family of Palene Ded, who claimed descend from Ousmane Boune Afal, a companion of Mohammed, by means of [[Wagadou]]. Every year this Great Lamane would lead a large delegation to Jolof to pay tribute to the ''Buurba'' there.<ref name = Fall>{{cite journal |last1=Fall |first1=Tanor Latsoukabe |title=Recueil sur la Vie des Damel |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire |date=1974 |volume=36 |issue=1 |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histoire-ucad.org%2Farchives%2Findex.php%2Fremository.html%3Ffunc%3Dstartdown%26id%3D38#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |access-date=25 December 2023}}</ref>{{rp|6}}

===Independence and Amary Ngone===
In 1549, the [[damel]] (''dammeel'' in [[Wolof language|Wolof]],<ref>Papa Samba Diop, ''Glossaire du roman sénégalais'', L'Harmattan, Paris, 2010, p. 140-143</ref> often translated into European languages as "king") [[Dece Fu Njogu]], having failed to send tribute to the ''Buurba'' Léléfoulifak for several years, sent his son [[Amary Ngone Sobel Fall]] to do so. Amary, aided by his uncle the [[Teigne]] of [[Baol]], led an army to a lake called Danki, and left them there to go to the ''Buurba'''s court with a small escort. Poorly received by Léléfoulifak, he announced that his country had no need of a leader such as that. The Jolof-Jolof pursued them back to Danki, where the Cayor forces routed them and killed Léléfoulifak.<ref name = Fall/>{{rp|9}}

The [[battle of Danki]] marked the end of the Jolof Empire's hold over Cayor. In the ensuing celebrations [[Dece Fu Njogu]] was killed in an accident, and [[Amary Ngone Sobel Fall|Amary Ngone]] became damel. His uncle died soon afterwards, and he thus became the first Damel-Teigne ruling over both Cayor and Baol.<ref name = Fall/>{{rp|10}} He proclaimed a new constitution for the kingdom and founded a new, more centrally located capital at Mboul. In the years after his accession Jolof invaded several times attempting to re-assert their hegemony but were defeated. They would not dare to attack Cayor again until Amary's death, after a 44-year reign.<ref name = Fall/>{{rp|11}}

===Marabout Wars===
During the height of the [[Char Bouba War|Tubenaan movement]] in the late 17th century, marabouts across the region began to aspire to political power for the first time, advocating a restoration of traditional Islamic values. [[Empire of Great Fulo|Futa Toro]] was the first to fall. In Cayor, the powerful marabout Ndiaye Sall allied with Yacine Bubu, who had recently and controversially been removed from her position as [[lingeer]] by her nephew, the Damel Detye Maram. They joined forces to overthrow him, enthroning another nephew of Yacine Bubu's, Ma Faly Gueye. Six months later, however, Gueye was caught drinking alcohol by Sall's ''talibes'' and killed.<ref name=Thomas/>{{rp|328}} Yacine Bubu, determined to protect the power of the royal family and prevent Sall from establishing a theocracy, convened a secret assembly of notables to reach out to Makhoredia Diouf, Buur of [[Saloum]], for support against the marabouts.{{sfn|Barry|1998|p=52}}<ref name=Thomas/>{{rp|329}} They were successful in defeating Sall, but instability continued for years afterwards.

In 1693 the aristocracy, now threatened by the Buur of Saloum, appealed to the [[Teigne]] of neighboring [[Baol]], [[Lat Sukaabe Fall]] for help. He took over Cayor and declared himself the ''Damel-Teigne'', imposing the hegemony of his maternal line, the Geej, over the previously dominant Dorobe and [[Guelwaar]] matriclans. He also strengthened central power, coopted the marabouts with royal appointments, and frequently clashed with the French over their attempts to impose a trade monopoly on the kingdom.{{sfn|Barry|1998|p=82-3}}

===18th Century===
During the 18th century, under the leadershup of Damel Maïsa Teindde Ouédji, Cayor annexed the [[Kingdom of Baol]] but was then embroiled in a succession dispute after his death. Baol regained its independence in 1756.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barry |first1=Boubacar |title=Le royaume du Waalo: le Senegal avant la conquete |date=1972 |publisher=Francois Maspero |location=Paris |page=195-6}}</ref> During the 1750s and 60s, Cayor was repeatedly involved in wars against [[Waalo]] and [[Kingdom of Jolof|Jolof]], with the ''Buurba'' ruling as Damel 1759-60. The forces of the [[Trarza Emirate]] helped [[Maissa Bigué Ngoné Fall]] regain the throne, in return for yearly tribute and permission to raid in Cayor one month a year.<ref name = Webb/>{{rp|41-2}}

In 1776, inspired by the rise of the [[Imamate of Futa Toro]], the marabouts of Cayor again began to agitate for political power under the leadership of Malamin Sarr. Damel Amari Ngoone Ndela Kumba pre-emptively attacked, capturing Sarr's son and selling him into slavery. In response, some clerics did the same to agents of the crown. In a climactic showdown the marabouts were defeated, Sarr was killed, and many were again sold into slavery.<ref name = Colvin/>{{rp|599}} The surviving marabouts played an important role in founding the [[Lebou]] republic on the [[Cap-Vert]] peninsula.{{sfn|Monteil 1963|p=78}}

Soon after, the [[Almamy]] of Futa Toro [[Abdul Kader (almami)|Abdul Kader]] joined with the Buurba of Jolof to avenge the clerics and re-establish his influence over Cayor. As the invading army crossed the [[Ferlo Desert]], the damel removed food stores and poisoned wells so that the exhausted Torodbe could not replenish their supplies. At the battle of Bunxoy, Amari Ngoone Ndela destroyed the Futanke force and captured Abdul Kader himself.<ref name = Bunxoy>{{cite book| last = Boulègue | first = Jean | author-link = | date = 1999| title = Histoire d'Afrique : les enjeux de mémoire|chapter = Conflit politique et identité au Sénégal : la bataille de Bunxoy (c. 1796)| chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/histoiredafrique0000unse/page/93/mode/1up| location = Paris| publisher = Karthala| page = 93-99|language = French}}</ref>{{rp|95}} He treated him well, as a respected religious leader, then sent him home laden with gifts after the Torodbe had elected a new almamy.<ref name = Colvin/>{{rp|601}}

In the aftermath of this decisive victory of the old, secular order over reformist Islamists, tension continued to increase between the clerics and the nobility. During this period, contemporary writers began to refer to the ruling class as 'pagan' for the first time, although they still self-identified as Muslim.<ref name = Colvin/>{{rp|601}}

===Lat Jor and the French===
[[File:Horseman in Senegal, photo postcard by Joannès Barbier.jpg|thumb|200px|Circa 1890-1900. Madior Tioro Fall, son of Ma Dyodyo (Damel Madiodio Déguen Coddou). Photo taken by [[Joannès Barbier]] during the later Peul revolt.]]
Birima Ngoné Latir was crowned ''damel'' in 1855, succeeding his uncle who had raised him after his father Makodou Koumba, the [[Teigne]] of [[Baol]], had been driven into exile.<ref name = Fall/>{{rp|31}}

The [[France|French]] governor [[Louis Faidherbe]], based in [[Saint-Louis, Senegal|Saint-Louis]], encouraged the clerics to rebel again. In 1859 the marabouts of the province of Ndiambour took advantage of the rumoured death of the young, weak ''damel'' to do so. Makodou Koumba  returned from exile to help crush the rebellion.{{sfn|Searing|2002|p=32}}<ref name = Colvin/>{{rp|604}} A brutal war resulted, with the reigning ''teigne'' Thié Yasin Ngoné Déguèn coming to support the marabouts with the promise of becoming ''damel''. After winning battles at Mboul and Mekhe, and 2 years of conflict, Birima Ngoné Latir defeated the Baol-Baol army and Makodou Koumba was reinstalled as ''teigne''. Latir died soon after, however, and Makodou left Baol to succeed his son as ''damel''.<ref name = Fall/>{{rp|32}}

Makodou faced resistance from his son’s maternal side, who wanted Birima Ngoné’s half-brother, [[Lat Jor]], enthroned instead. However, [[Lat Jor]] was not eligible for the throne as he did not bear the patronym Fall. Despite this, his uncle [https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demba_War_Sall Demba War Sall], who was seen as  the true master of Cayor, had trained him for the throne and, at the age of 17, enthroned him by force. Makodou defeated the opposition at Béri-Ngaraf, and Lat Jor submitted. He later reneged on a treaty signed with the French to build a railroad across Cayor, prompting the French to invade in 1861 and replace him with Ma-Dyodyo.[1]: 33 [13] Lat Jor and the nobility resented both the harsh rule of Ma-Dyodyo and the external intervention. After some initial military success in 1863, he was forced to take refuge with the almaami of [[Saloum]], [[Maba Diakhou Bâ|Maba Diakhou Ba]], early the next year.{{sfn|Monteil 1963|p=91}}{{sfn|Lewis 2022|p=57-58}} 

The French attempted to annex the country, but this ultimately proved unworkable.{{sfn|Charles|1977|pp=55}} In 1868 Lat Jor and his troops returned to Cayor to regain independence. He allied with [[Shaikh Amadou Ba]] and defeated the French in the battle of [[Meckhe|Mekhe]] on July 8th, 1869.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaye |first1=Khalifa Babacar |title=AUJOURD'HUI : 8 juillet 1869, Lat-Dior et Cheikhou Amadou Ba remportent la bataille de Mékhé |url=https://www.senenews.com/actualites/aujourdhui-8-juillet-1869-lat-dior-et-cheikhou-amadou-ba-remportent-la-bataille-de-mekhe_317594.html |website=Sene News |access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref>  By 1871 the French accepted his restoration to the position of ''damel''. Amadou Ba's meddling in Cayor, however, soon ended their partnership. {{sfn|Charles|1977|pp=74}} Over the next few years Lat Jor tried to exert his authority over Baol and helped the French defeat and kill Amadou in 1875.{{sfn|Charles|1977|pp=78}}

This alliance was broken in 1881 when Lat Jor began a rebellion to resist the construction of the [[Dakar]] to [[Saint-Louis, Senegal|Saint-Louis]] [[Dakar-Niger Railway|railway]] across Cayor. Dior is reported to have told the French Governor Servatius:

"''As long as I live, be assured, I shall oppose, with all my might the construction of this railway''."<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/11chapter12.shtml BBC. The Story of Africa: Railways.]</ref>

In 1883, [[Lat Jor]] attempted to depose the powerful Farba [https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demba_War_Sall Demba War Sall], the very uncle who had enthroned him years earlier. Demba War defected to Samba Laobe Fall, Lat Jor’s nephew and rival claimant to the throne.[1]: 36  With French support, Samba soon took control of Cayor. He ruled for three years before clashing with [[Alboury Ndiaye]], Bourba of [[Jolof Empire|Jolof]]. Despite a treaty requiring him to notify the French before making war, Samba invaded Jolof. Alboury Ndiaye attacked while Samba’s exhausted troops were setting up camp, routing the Waadjor forces and wounding Samba. The French pressured the damel to pay reparations, but he refused. At the ensuing negotiations in '''Tivaouane''' on October 6, 1886, a fight broke out, and Samba was killed by a French lieutenant.[1]: 37–8  Lat Jor died in battle soon afterward, and the kingdom of Cayor ceased to exist as an independent, united state. However, rather than falling entirely under external rule, it was divided into provinces, with power ultimately remaining in the hands of '''Demba War Sall''' and his family, who continued to govern the region.[20]