Editing Cebu (section)

==History==
{{See also|History of the Philippines}}

=== Early history ===
[[File:Visayans 1.png|thumb|left|upright|Depiction of the Bisayan tattooed men, known then as ''[[timawa]]'' in the [[Boxer Codex]] (c. 1590). Cebu was one of the islands referred where "painted people" (referring to the tattoos) resided.]]{{Cleanup|date=March 2024|reason=Citing sources from hoaxes, this entire section needs to be re-examined and rewritten. Note that there are no records, chronicles, or even archaeological evidence that this claim exists.}}
[[Cebu (historical polity)|Cebu]] was a native kingdom that existed prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. Visayan folklore relates it was founded by [[Sri]] Lumay otherwise known as ''[[Rajamuda Lumaya]]'', a half-Malay, half-Tamil from [[Sumatra]].<ref name="Santarita">{{Citation |last=Santarita |first=Joefe B. |title=Panyupayana: The Emergence of Hindu Polities in the Pre-Islamic Philippines |date=2018 |work=Cultural and Civilisational Links between India and Southeast Asia: Historical and Contemporary Dimensions |pages=93–105 |editor-last=Saran |editor-first=Shyam |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-7317-5_6 |access-date= |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-7317-5_6 |isbn=978-981-10-7317-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The capital of the nation was [[Singhapala]] (சிங்கப்பூர்)<ref name="Astrid">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792596?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3Ae66b04574962dd2277c44e2367352434&seq=28#page_scan_tab_contents THE GENEALOGY OF HARI' TUPAS: AN ETHNOHISTORY OF CHIEFLY POWER AND HIERARCHY IN SUGBU AS A PROTOSTATE Astrid Sala-Boza] Page 280.</ref> which is Tamil-Sanskrit<ref>[https://mothership.sg/2016/12/5-other-places-in-asia-which-are-also-called-singapura/ 5 other places in Asia which are also called Singapura By Joshua Lee]</ref> for "Lion City", the same root words as with the modern city-state of [[Singapore]]. The later Spanish chronicler Antonio Pigafetta mispronounced Singhapala as Cingopola instead.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6s2z6xNaGbsC&dq=Cingapola%3A+its+chiefs+are+Cilaton%2C+Ciguibucan%2C+Cimaninga%2C+Cimaticat%2C+Cicanbul.&pg=RA1-PA105 "The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan" Written By Antonio Pigafetta]</ref>

=== Spanish Colonial Period ===
{{Cleanup|date=March 2024|reason=History section needs to be re-examined. There are lots of paragraphs here that needed citation and some of which do not come from journals and researchers.}}

==== Report from the Magellan Expedition ====
[[File:Recoletos Church Cebu Philippines.png|left|thumb|The old '''Recoletos Church of Cebu''']]
The arrival of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in 1521 began a period of Spanish exploration and colonization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_history/spanish_colonization.html |title=Philippine History – Spanish Colonization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108082605/http://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_history/spanish_colonization.html| archive-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|information.ph|2009a}} Losing the favor of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] for his plan of reaching the Spice Islands by sailing west from Europe, Magellan offered his services to King [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I of Spain]] (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). On September 20, 1519, Magellan led five ships with a total complement of 250 people from the Spanish fort of [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] en route to southeast Asia via the Americas and the Pacific Ocean. They reached the Philippines on March 16, 1521. Rajah Kolambu, the rajah of [[Mazaua]] told them to sail for Cebu, where they could trade and obtain provisions.

Arriving in Cebu City, Magellan, with [[Enrique of Malacca]] as a translator, befriended [[Rajah Humabon]] a chief of a village in Cebu, and persuaded the natives to ally themselves with the Spanish. On April 14, Magellan erected a large wooden cross on the shores of Cebu. Afterwards, Rajah Humabon was baptized along with about 400 Sugbuanons.

Magellan soon heard of Datu Lapu-Lapu, a native chief in nearby [[Mactan|Mactan Island]], a rival of a chief in Cebu. It was thought that Humabon and Lapu–Lapu had been fighting for control of the flourishing trade in the area. On April 27 the [[Battle of Mactan]] occurred, where the Spaniards were defeated and Magellan was killed by the natives of Mactan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cebu.gov.ph/?getid=2&getsubid=5&infolinkids=6&GetBodyName=History&rightpdisable=0 |title=Cebu – History |publisher=Cebu Provincial Government}}</ref> in Mactan Island. According to Italian historian and chronicler [[Antonio Pigafetta]], Magellan's body was never recovered despite efforts to trade for it with spice and jewels. Magellan's second-in-command, [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]], took his place as captain of the expedition and sailed the fleet back to Spain, circumnavigating the world.

Survivors of the Magellan expedition returned to Spain with tales of a savage island in the [[Indies|East Indies]]. Consequently, several Spanish expeditions were sent to the islands but all ended in failure.

==== Report from the Legazpi Expedition ====
[[File:Colon Street Cebu. P.I. The Oldest Street In The Philippines, KITLV 1401562.tiff|thumb|[[Colon Street|Calle Colon]] in Cebu City is one of the oldest street in the Philippines]]
On April 27, 1565 [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] arrived on the island, though he also intended to make peace, he was also prepared for a war since these were the same people that killed Magellan 44 years prior. According to the report, a messenger went to the Spanish ship and informed them that Tupas and "along with 10 other chiefs" would be out to either make negotiations or as a warning to prepare for an upcoming battle. Despite trying to assure the natives that the Spanish were there with good intentions, the natives already armed themselves, both parties were reported to have taunted each other offshore. Legazpi aimed the artillery on the ''[[proa]]s'' which briefly confused the opposing natives causing them to run into the woods thus making the shore clear for the Spanish to land. Salvaging any valuable item that could be found, Juan de Camuz came across an image of the Child Jesus, which was probably the one Magellan presented to the consort of the chief in 1521. From then on, a church was built on the site which would later become the [[Basilica del Santo Niño|Minor Basilica of the Holy Child]]. Twelve days later, on May 8, a fort was established and while the construction was ongoing, the natives frequently launched attacks but were always repulsed until eventually they give in as soon as they realized the superior armament of the Europeans. Legazpi dealt only with Tupas, after a brief "trial" on grounds of apostasy and Magellan's murder, the Europeans pardoned the natives' chief and included the natives. After the exchange, the two parties then discussed the terms and conditions including confirmation of titles, who receives tax exemptions, land grants, authority and recognition of officials. The crew then left Cebu on June 1, 1565.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cushner |first=Nicholas P. |date=1965 |title=Legazpi 1564-1572 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42720592 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=183–187 |jstor=42720592 |issn=0031-7837 |quote=In the ruins one of Legazpi's men, Juan de Camuz, made what was considered a miraculous find. He came across an image of the Child Jesus, probably the one which Pigafetta had presented to the Queen of Cebu in 1521. [...] Legazpi took counsel with his offices and religious [advisers?] about whether he should pardon the Cebuans' past offenses against Magellan's men and their apostasy from the faith they had embraced.}}</ref> In the 1700s, Cebu housed 625 [[Spanish Filipino]] families and 28,112 native families<ref name="Estadismo2">[https://ia601608.us.archive.org/10/items/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ.pdf ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)]</ref>{{rp|113}}

=== American colonial period ===
[[File:Governor Julio Llorente y Aballe.jpg|thumb|[[Julio A. Llorente]], The 1st [[Governor of Cebu]].|218x218px]]
In 1898, the island was ceded to the [[United States]] after the [[Spanish–American War]] and [[Philippine–American War]]. In 1901, Cebu was governed by the United States for a brief period, however, it became a chartered city on February 24, 1937, and was governed independently by Filipino politicians.<ref name="Freeman">{{cite news |last1=Oaminal |first1=Clarence Paul |title=Guests at the inauguration of Cebu City Charter |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2016/09/07/1621229/guests-inauguration-cebu-city-charter |access-date=10 February 2024 |agency=The Freeman |date=7 September 2016}}</ref>

=== Japanese occupation ===
[[File:Boljoon Church, Cebu.jpg|thumb|In 2009 Japanese - Filipino [[archaeologists]] in [[Boljoon]] discovered ancient Japanese pottery that has been to believed to been in existence since the early trading activity between [[Japan]] and Cebu in the 16th to 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 30, 2011 |title=Ancient Japanese pottery in Boljoon town |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/10434/ancient-japanese-pottery-in-boljoon-town}}</ref>|left]]
Cebu, being one of the most densely populated islands in the Philippines, served as a [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] base during their occupation in [[World War II]] which began with the landing of Japanese soldiers in April 1942. A Japanese businessman established Cebu's first "comfort station" during the war, where Japanese soldiers routinely gang-raped, humiliated, and murdered kidnapped girls and teenagers who they forced into sexual slavery under the brutal "[[comfort women]]" system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/29/939811000/philippine-survivor-recounts-her-struggle-as-a-comfort-woman-for-wartime-japan|title=Philippine Survivor Recounts Her Struggle As A 'Comfort Woman' For Wartime Japan|newspaper=NPR.org|publisher=NPR|access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IsBB-RVTlQC&dq=comfort+gay+philippines+japan&pg=PR9|title=The Other Empire: Literary Views of Japan from the Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia|year=2008|publisher=The University of the Philippines Press|isbn=9789715425629|access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awf.or.jp/e1/philippine-00.html |title=Women made to be Comfort Women - Philippines }}</ref> The [[3rd Infantry Division (Philippines)|3rd]], [[8th Infantry Division (Philippines)|8th]], 82nd and 85th Infantry Division of the [[Philippine Commonwealth Army]] was re-established from January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946, and the 8th Constabulary Regiment of the [[Philippine Constabulary]] was reestablished again from October 28, 1944, to June 30, 1946, at the military general headquarters and the military camps and garrisoned in Cebu city and Cebu province. They started the [[Philippine resistance against Japan|Anti-Japanese military operations]] in Cebu from April 1942 to September 1945 and helped Cebuano guerrillas and fought against the [[Japanese Imperial forces]]. Almost three years later in March 1945, combined Filipino and American forces [[Battle for Cebu City|landed]] and reoccupied the island during the [[liberation of the Philippines]]. Cebuano guerrilla groups led by an American, [[James M. Cushing]], is credited for the establishment of the "Koga Papers",{{sfn|de Viana|2005}} which is said to have changed the American plans to retake the Philippines from Japanese occupation in 1944, by helping the combined United States and the Philippine Commonwealth Army forces enter Cebu in 1945. The following year the island achieved independence from colonial rule in 1946.

=== Philippine independence ===
==== During the Marcos dictatorship ====
Cebu became a key center of resistance against the [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos dictatorship]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent S. |date=December 1, 2016 |title=Cebuanos honor 7 martyrs, 8 survivors of martial law |language=en |newspaper=The [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/849558/cebuanos-honor-7-martyrs-8-survivors-of-martial-law |access-date=March 3, 2021}}</ref> first becoming apparent when the hastily put-together lineup of Pusyon Bisaya defeated the entire slate of Marcos' [[Kilusang Bagong Lipunan]] (KBL) in Region VII.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Almendras |first=Ruben |date=May 14, 2019 |title=The Pusyon Bisaya phenomenon |work=The Freeman |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2019/05/14/1917643/pusyon-bisaya-phenomenon |access-date=March 3, 2021}}</ref>

Among the Cebuanos immediately arrested by the Marcos dictatorship when martial law was announced on September 23, 1972, were columnist and future National Artist [[Resil Mojares]] and human rights lawyer and Carcar Vice Mayor [[Democrito Barcenas]], who were both detained at Camp Sergio Osmeña.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manticajon |first=Atty Ian Vincent |title=Never forget |work=The [[Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2019/02/12/1893062/never-forget |access-date=October 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212194534/https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2019/02/12/1893062/never-forget |archive-date=February 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barcenas |first=Democrito |date=October 4, 2014 |title=Cebu's first martial law detainees |language=en |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/642478/cebus-first-martial-law-detainees |access-date=October 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mongaya |first=Karlo Mikhail I. |date=2019 |title=Militant Struggles and Anti-Imperialism in Resil Mojares's The Freeman Columns during the Early 1970s |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/743688 |journal=Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints |language=en |volume=67 |issue=3–4 |pages=557–594 |doi=10.1353/phs.2019.0026 |s2cid=213742855 |issn=2244-1638|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

One of the Marcos Martial Law [[Desaparecidos]] from Cebu was Redemptorist Priest Fr. [[Rudy Romano]],<ref name="MongayaSunStarRemembering">{{Cite news |last=Mongaya |first=Anol |date=September 2, 2017 |title=Mongaya: Inday Nita, Serging, ug Fr. Rudy |language=English |work=SunStar Philippines |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph//article/161913/Mongaya-Inday-Nita-Serging-ug-Fr-Rudy |access-date=October 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015152258/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/161913/Mongaya-Inday-Nita-Serging-ug-Fr-Rudy |archive-date=October 15, 2021}}</ref> a prominent Marcos critic and Executive Secretary of Cebu's Coalition against People's Persecution, who was accosted by armed men in Tisa, Labangon, Cebu City on June 11, 1985, and never seen again.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mayol |first=Ador Vincent |date=July 11, 2020 |title=Cebuanos remember Fr. Rudy Romano on 35th year of disappearance |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1305358/cebuanos-remember-fr-rudy-romano-on-35th-year-of-disappearance |access-date=October 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414090000/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1305358/cebuanos-remember-fr-rudy-romano-on-35th-year-of-disappearance |archive-date=April 14, 2021}}</ref><ref name="BantayogProfileRomanoRudy">{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2016 |title=Martyrs and Heroes: ROMANO, Rosaleo B. |url=https://www.bantayog.org/romano-rosaleo-b/ |access-date=October 15, 2021 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Levi Ybañez]], Romano's colleague in the Coalition against People's Persecution, was abducted on the same day as Fr. Romano, and was also never heard from again.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mongaya |first=Anol |date=November 27, 2016 |title=Mongaya: To honor Cebu heroes on Nov. 30 |language=English |work=SunStar Philippines |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph//article/112367/Lifestyle/Mongaya-To-honor-Cebu-heroes-on-Nov-30 |access-date=October 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015153921/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/112367/Lifestyle/Mongaya-To-honor-Cebu-heroes-on-Nov-30 |archive-date=October 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name="BantayogProfileYbanez">{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2015 |title=Heroes and Martyrs: YBAÑEZ, Rolan Ylagan |url=https://www.bantayog.org/ybanez-rolan-ylagan/ |access-date=October 15, 2021 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |language=en-US}}</ref>  [[Ribomapil Holganza Sr.|Ribomapil Holganza]], a prominent leader of Cebu's opposition was also arrested together with his son on Christmas Day, December 25, 1983, on political charges.  He was subsequently released and cleared of all charges.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 26, 2015 |title=Holganza – prominent leader of Cebu's anti-Marcos forces – passes away |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/50581/holganza-prominent-leader-of-cebus-anti-marcos-forces-passes-away |access-date=September 9, 2022 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |language=en}}</ref>

==== Role in the People Power Revolution ====
Later, Cebu would play a key role in the days leading up to the 1986 [[People Power revolution]] and the ouster of Marcos. It was from Fuente Osmeña circle in Cebu City that the opposition forces relaunched the Civil Disobedience Campaign against the Marcos regime and its cronies on February 22, 1986. After that, the Carmelite Monastery in Barangay Mabolo, Cebu City, served as a refuge for opposition candidates [[Corazon Aquino]] and [[Salvador Laurel]] during the first day of the People Power revolution, because it was not yet safe to go back to Manila.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie B.  |date=February 25, 2021 |title=Cebu and the days leading to February 25, 1986 |language=en |work=Cebu Daily News |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/365044/cebu-and-the-days-leading-to-the-edsa-people-power-revolution |access-date=March 3, 2021}}</ref>

=== Contemporary ===
In 2007, the municipalities of [[Bogo, Cebu|Bogo]], [[Carcar]], and [[Naga, Cebu|Naga]] became component cities. Their respective cityhood laws were ratified in the same year. However, their cityhood status were lost twice in the years 2008 and 2010 after the [[League of Cities of the Philippines|LCP]] questioned the validity of the cityhood laws. Their cityhood status were reaffirmed after the court finalized its ruling on February 15, 2011, declared their respective cityhood laws constitutional.

In February 2012 Cebu island experienced the effects of [[2012 Visayas earthquake|magnitude 6.7 earthquake]] on the neighboring island of [[Negros]] and was the largest quake in the area for 90 years. The tremor shook buildings but there were no reports of major building damage or loss of life on Cebu Island itself. This tremor was caused by a [[Blind thrust earthquake|previously unrecorded fault]].<ref name="PIVCS">{{cite web |title=Reminiscence of the 2012 Ms6.9 Negros Oriental Quake |url=https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/616-reminiscence-of-the-2012-ms6-9-negros-oriental-quake |publisher=Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Blind" Fault Line Caused Negros Earthquake, Philippine Experts Say |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/2012/02/topnews/philippines-negros-oriental-visayas-earthquake-due-to-blind-fault-line-2012/ |access-date=10 February 2024 |agency=Asian Scientist |date=21 February 2021}}</ref>

In October 2013, Cebu and [[Bohol]] were hit by record-setting [[2013 Bohol earthquake|7.2 magnitude earthquake]] which left 222 dead and collapsed some buildings, including 5 historical churches.<ref name="WHO">{{cite web |title=Bohol Earthquake: One year on |url=https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/bohol-earthquake-one-year-on |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="NBC">{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=M. Alex |title=At least 82 dead, churches destroyed as 7.2 earthquake hits Philippines |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/least-82-dead-churches-destroyed-7-2-earthquake-hits-philippines-flna8c11393871 |access-date=10 February 2024 |agency=[[NBC News]] |date=15 October 2013}}</ref> There were over 700 aftershocks. The northern part of the province was devastated by [[Typhoon Haiyan]] a month later.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aftermath Photos of Cebu in the Wake of Typhoon Yolanda |url=https://asiasociety.org/philippines/aftermath-photos-cebu-wake-typhoon-yolanda |access-date=10 February 2024 |agency=Asia Society}}</ref>

In December 2021, [[Typhoon Rai]] wreaked havoc across the province,<ref>{{cite web |title=Philippines: Super Typhoon Rai (Odette) Humanitarian Needs and Priorities Revision (Dec 2021 - Jun 2022) (2 Feb 2022) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/philippines-super-typhoon-rai-odette-humanitarian-needs-and-priorities-revision |website=ReliefWeb |date=February 2, 2022 |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref> leading to a declaration of "calamity" by the government.<ref name="NPR">{{cite news |last1=McCarthy |first1=Julie |title=Desperation grows in the Philippines in the aftermath of Typhoon Rai |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2021/12/20/1066049450/super-typhoon-rai-leaves-a-path-of-devastation-and-uncertainty |access-date=10 February 2024 |agency=[[NPR]] |date=21 December 2021}}</ref>