Editing Cellular differentiation (section)

==Dedifferentiation==
[[Image:Dedifferentiated liposarcoma - intermed mag.jpg|thumb|right|[[Micrograph]] showing ''some dedifferentiation'', (at left edge of image). + A ''differentiated'' component, showing [[lipoblast]]s and increased [[blood vessels|vascularity]], (right edge of image). + ''Fully differentiated'' [[adipose tissue]], showing a few blood vessels, (center of image). ([[Micrograph]] of [[liposarcoma]] prepared with [[H&E stain]]).]]

[[Dedifferentiation]], or integration, is a cellular process seen in the more [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] life forms in animals, such as [[worm]]s and [[amphibian]]s where a differentiated cell reverts to an earlier developmental stage{{mdash}}usually as part of a [[Regeneration (biology)|regenerative]] process.<ref name="dediff1">{{cite book | vauthors = Stocum DL | chapter = Amphibian Regeneration and Stem Cells | series = Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology | title = Regeneration: Stem Cells and Beyond | volume = 280 | pages = 1–70 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14594207 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-18846-6_1 | isbn = 978-3-540-02238-1 }}</ref><ref name="dediff2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Casimir CM, Gates PB, Patient RK, Brockes JP | title = Evidence for dedifferentiation and metaplasia in amphibian limb regeneration from inheritance of DNA methylation | journal = Development | volume = 104 | issue = 4 | pages = 657–668 | date = December 1988 | pmid = 3268408 | doi = 10.1242/dev.104.4.657 }}</ref> Dedifferentiation also occurs in plant cells.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Giles KL |title=Dedifferentiation and Regeneration in Bryophytes: A Selective Review |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=689–94 |url=http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjb/1971/47.php |doi=10.1080/0028825x.1971.10430231 |year=1971 |bibcode=1971NZJB....9..689G |access-date=2008-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204174703/http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjb/1971/47.php |archive-date=2008-12-04 |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}</ref> And, in [[cell culture]] in the laboratory, cells can change shape or may lose specific properties such as protein expression{{mdash}}which processes are also termed dedifferentiation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schnabel M, Marlovits S, Eckhoff G, Fichtel I, Gotzen L, Vécsei V, Schlegel J | title = Dedifferentiation-associated changes in morphology and gene expression in primary human articular chondrocytes in cell culture | journal = Osteoarthritis and Cartilage | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 62–70 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11795984 | doi = 10.1053/joca.2001.0482 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Some hypothesize that dedifferentiation is an aberration that likely results in [[cancer]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sell S | title = Cellular origin of cancer: dedifferentiation or stem cell maturation arrest? | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 101 | issue = Suppl 5 | pages = 15–26 | date = December 1993 | pmid = 7516873 | pmc = 1519468 | doi = 10.2307/3431838 | jstor = 3431838 }}</ref> but others explain it as a natural part of the immune response that was lost to humans at some point of evolution.

A newly discovered molecule dubbed [[reversine]], a [[purine]] analog, has proven to induce dedifferentiation in [[myotube]]s. These manifestly dedifferentiated cells{{mdash}}now performing essentially as stem cells{{mdash}}could then redifferentiate into [[osteoblast]]s and [[adipocyte]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsonis PA | title = Stem cells from differentiated cells | journal = Molecular Interventions | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–83 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15087480 | doi = 10.1124/mi.4.2.4 | url = http://molinterv.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15087480 | url-status = dead | access-date = 2010-12-26 | archive-url = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523205221/http://molinterv.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15087480 | archive-date = 2016-05-23 | url-access = subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Bischoff SR - Nuclear Reprogramming.pdf|thumb|401x401px|Diagram exposing several methods used to revert adult somatic cells to [[totipotency]] or [[pluripotency]].]]