Editing Charging Bull (section)

==History==
===Construction and installation===
[[File:DiModica working on Crosby St basement.png|left|thumb|Arturo Di Modica in 54 Crosby St studio where ''Charging Bull'' was conceived]]
The bull was cast by the Bedi-Makky Art Foundry in [[Greenpoint, Brooklyn]]. Di Modica spent $360,000 to create, cast, and install the sculpture following the [[Black Monday (1987)|1987 stock market crash]].<ref name="nyt19891216"/> The sculpture was Di Modica's idea. Having arrived penniless in the United States in 1970, Di Modica felt indebted to the nation for welcoming him and enabling his career as a successful sculptor. ''Charging Bull'' was intended to inspire each person who came into contact with it to carry on fighting through the hard times after the 1987 stock market crash.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |first=Anthony |last=Haden-Guest |date=October 4, 2018 |title=Arturo di Modica: Charging Bull |url=https://www.phillips.com/article/37187333/arturo-di-modica-charging-bull |access-date=October 31, 2020 |website=Phillips}}</ref> Di Modica later recounted to art writer [[Anthony Haden-Guest]], "My point was to show people that if you want to do something in a moment things are very bad, you can do it. You can do it by yourself. My point was that you must be strong."<ref name="auto"/>

Another artist, Domenico Ranieri, enlarged the model of the bull and worked with Di Modica to bring out the fine points of the sculpture. In an act of [[guerrilla art]], Bedi-Makky Art Foundry and Di Modica trucked it to [[Lower Manhattan]]. Late in the evening of December 14, 1989, they installed it beneath a {{convert|60|ft|m|adj=on}} [[Christmas tree]] in the middle of [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]] in front of the [[New York Stock Exchange Building]] as a Christmas gift to New Yorkers. That day, hundreds of onlookers stopped to see it as Di Modica handed out copies of a flier about his artwork.<ref name="nyt19891216"/>

NYSE officials called police later that day, and the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]] seized the sculpture and placed it into an [[Vehicle impoundment|impound lot]].<ref name="nyt19891216"/> The ensuing public outcry led the [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] to reinstall it two blocks south of the Exchange, in Bowling Green, facing up [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] just north of [[Whitehall Street]]. ''Charging Bull'' was rededicated at its new location with a ceremony on December 21, 1989.<ref name="nyt19891220">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/20/nyregion/wall-st-s-bronze-bull-moves-2-blocks-south.html |title=Wall St.'s Bronze Bull Moves 2 Blocks South |agency=The Associated Press |date=December 20, 1989 |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 13, 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

===Ownership===
The sculpture technically has a temporary permit allowing it to stand on city property since the city does not own the sculpture, but the temporary permission has lasted since 1989, when city officials said the new location would not be permanent.<ref name="nyt19891220"/> Art on loan is usually limited to a year's display, and although the city does not buy art, it does accept donations. By 1993, Di Modica wanted to sell the statue to recover the $320,000 cost of manufacturing it. However, there was only one major bid for the statue: a hotel in [[Las Vegas]] that offered $300,000.<ref name="nyt19931003">{{Cite news |last=Lambert |first=Bruce |date=October 3, 1993 |title=Neighborhood Report: Lower Manhattan, A Campaign To Save a Bull |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/03/nyregion/neighborhood-report-lower-manhattan-a-campaign-to-save-a-bull.html |access-date=June 14, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

A writer in the ''[[New York Daily News]]'' wrote in 1998 that the statue's placement was "beginning to look a mite permanent."<ref name="nydn19980531"/> According to an article in ''[[Art Monthly]]'', Di Modica, as well as officials and New Yorkers, "view it as a permanent feature of Lower Manhattan."<ref>{{cite news |last=Lydiate |first=Henry |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-31229552_ITM |title=Public sculpture |date=November 1, 2006 |work=Art Monthly |via=Access My Library |access-date=June 13, 2009}}</ref> In 2004, Di Modica announced that ''Charging Bull'' was for sale, on condition the buyer did not move it from its location.<ref name="nyt20041221"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Milton |first=Pat |date=December 21, 2004 |title=Wall Street bull sculpture for sale |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/wall-street-bull-sculpture-for-sale/ |access-date=June 14, 2020 |website=The Seattle Times}}</ref> Joe Lewis, the British billionaire and ex-owner of Christies, purchased the sculpture.

Di Modica continued to own the [[copyright|artistic copyright]] to the statue,<ref name="nyt20041221"/> and filed several lawsuits against firms making replicas. For instance, Di Modica sued [[Wal-Mart]] and other companies in 2006 for selling replicas of the bull and using it in advertising campaigns.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/20060921-1411-chargingbulllawsuit.html |title=Sculptor of Manhattan 'Charging Bull' statue sues Wal-Mart, others to protect its image |date=September 21, 2006 |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901235518/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/20060921-1411-chargingbulllawsuit.html |archive-date=September 1, 2009 |access-date=July 20, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Randy |date=September 23, 2006 |title=Arts, Briefly; Sculptor Files Lawsuit Against Wal-Mart |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/23/arts/arts-briefly-sculptor-files-lawsuit-against-walmart.html |access-date=June 14, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Three years later, Di Modica sued [[Random House]] for using a photo of the bull on the cover of a book discussing the collapse of financial services firm [[Lehman Brothers]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-sep-22-fi-wrap22.1-story.html |title=Suit Alleges Illegal Use of 'Charging Bull' Image |date=September 22, 2006 |work=Los Angeles Times |agency=From Dow Jones/the Associated Press |access-date=February 24, 2022}}</ref>

===Evolution into tourist attraction===
As soon as the sculpture was set up at Bowling Green, it became "an instant hit."<ref name="nyt19931003"/> One of the city's most photographed artworks, it has become a tourist destination in the Financial District. "Its popularity is beyond doubt," an article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' said of the artwork. "Visitors constantly pose for pictures around it."<ref name="nyt20041221"/> [[Henry Stern (New York politician)|Henry J. Stern]], the city parks commissioner when the statue first appeared in the Financial District, said in 1993: "People are crazy about the bull. It captured their imagination."<ref name="nyt19931003"/> [[Adrian Benepe]], a later New York City parks commissioner, said in 2004, "It's become one of the most visited, most photographed and perhaps most loved and recognized statues in the city of New York. I would say it's right up there with the [[Statue of Liberty]]."<ref name="nyt20041221"/> A 2003 [[Bollywood]] film, ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'', featured ''Charging Bull'' in a musical number, one visitor told a reporter that the bull's appearance in the film was a reason for his visit to New York City.<ref name="Pinto 2008"/> Despite the [[2008 financial crisis]], ''Charging Bull'' remained a popular tourist attraction.<ref name="nyt20080916">{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=September 16, 2008 |title=Downtown's Bull, No Longer Emblematic but Still Popular |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/17/nyregion/17bull.html |access-date=June 14, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[File:Testicles of the Charging Bull statue in New York City.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|The ''Charging Bull''{{'}}s scrotum is noticeably lighter in color due to frequent rubbing.]]

In addition to having their pictures taken at the front end of the bull, many tourists pose at the back of the bull, near the large [[testicle]]s "for snapshots under an unmistakable symbol of its [[virility]]."<ref name="nyt20080916"/> According to a 2002 article in ''[[The Washington Post]]'', "People on The Street say you've got to [[statue rubbing|rub]] the nose, horns and testicles of the bull for good luck, tour guide Wayne McLeod would tell the group on the Baltimore bus, who would giddily oblige."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duke |first1=Lynn |title=The Pilgrimage To Ground Zero — Officials and Tourists Walk A Fine Line on Solemn Ground |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/409259199/ADBD4C9DBD114EBFPQ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 27, 2002 |location=Edition F, page C1}}</ref> A 2004 article in ''The New York Times'' said, "Passers-by have rubbed—to a bright gleam—its nose, horns and a part of its anatomy that, as Mr. Benepe put it gingerly, 'separates the bull from the steer.'"<ref name="nyt20041221"/> A 2007 newspaper account agreed that a "peculiar ritual" of handling the "shining orbs" of the statue's [[scrotum]] seems to have developed into a tradition.<ref name="Pinto 2008"/>

On March 7, 2017, a bronze sculpture by [[Kristen Visbal]], ''[[Fearless Girl]],'' was installed facing ''Charging Bull.''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/03/07/news/girl-statue-wall-street-bull/ |title=Why a defiant girl is staring down the Wall Street bull |date=March 7, 2017 |publisher=[[CNNMoney]] |last1=Wiener-Bronner |first1=Danielle |access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref> It was commissioned to advertise for an [[index fund]] that comprises gender-diverse companies that have a relatively high percentage of women among their senior leadership and installed in anticipation of [[International Women's Day]] the following day. It depicts a girl {{convert|4|ft|m|adj=on|spell=in}} high, promoting female empowerment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bekiempis |first=Victoria |date=November 28, 2018 |title=New York: Fearless Girl who faced down Wall Street's bull moved to new spot |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/nov/28/new-york-fearless-girl-charging-bull-wall-street |access-date=October 31, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> After Di Modica filed complaints about ''Fearless Girl'', it was removed in November 2018 and relocated to outside the New York Stock Exchange. A plaque with footprints was placed on the original site of ''Fearless Girl''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Moyer |first=Liz |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/28/fearless-girl-on-the-move-but-leaves-footprints-for-visitors.html |title='Fearless Girl' on the move, but leaves footprints for visitors to stand in her place |work=[[CNBC]] |date=November 28, 2018 |access-date=November 28, 2018}}</ref>

In November 2019, city officials announced that they wished to move ''Charging Bull'' to a plaza outside the New York Stock Exchange due to safety concerns at Bowling Green.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 7, 2019 |title=NYC Plans to Move Charging Bull Statue |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/nyc-plans-to-move-charging-bull-statue_new-york/2111440/ |access-date=June 14, 2020 |website=NBC New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Stevens |first=Pippa |date=November 7, 2019 |title=Wall Street's 'Charging Bull' sculpture is moving |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/07/wall-streets-charging-bull-sculpture-is-moving.html |access-date=June 14, 2020 |website=CNBC}}</ref> Officials stated that because ''Charging Bull'' is located on a traffic median with large crowds, it was vulnerable to terrorist attacks, citing examples such as the [[2017 New York City truck attack|2017 truck attack]] on the nearby [[West Side Highway]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Blint-Welsh |first1=Tyler |last2=Chapman |first2=Ben |date=November 7, 2019 |title=New York's 'Charging Bull' Statue Will Soon Move From Longtime Corral |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-yorks-charging-bull-statue-may-be-moved-from-longtime-corral-11573159336 |access-date=June 14, 2020 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Local community group Downtown Alliance supported the relocation, but Di Modica opposed it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paybarah |first=Azi |date=November 11, 2019 |title=Should the Charging Bull Statue Be Moved? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/11/nyregion/charging-bull-statue-lower-manhattan.html |access-date=June 14, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boucher |first=Brian |date=November 19, 2019 |title=The Artist Behind Wall Street's 'Charging Bull' Is Seeing Red Over a Plan to Remove the Sculpture From the Financial Hub |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/wall-street-bull-relocation-1708023 |access-date=June 14, 2020 |website=artnet News}}</ref> The [[New York City Department of Transportation]] (DOT) had filed an application with the [[New York City Public Design Commission]] (PDC) to relocate ''Charging Bull'', but subsequently withdrew the application, which a city spokesperson said was due to uncertainty over the new location.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kim |first=Elizabeth |date=November 13, 2019 |title=City Delays Moving Charging Bull |url=http://gothamist.com/news/charging-bull-may-stay-put-after-all |access-date=June 14, 2020 |website=Gothamist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115034250/https://gothamist.com/news/charging-bull-may-stay-put-after-all |archive-date=November 15, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Marsh |first=Julia |date=November 13, 2019 |title=De Blasio reins in plans to move NYC's Charging Bull statue |url=https://nypost.com/2019/11/13/de-blasio-backs-down-charging-bull-statue-to-stay-put-for-now/ |access-date=June 14, 2020 |website=New York Post}}</ref> Residents of [[Manhattan Community Board 1|Manhattan Community District 1]], which includes the Financial District, expressed opposition to the relocation in a meeting with city officials in May 2020. At the time, updated plans called for ''Charging Bull'' to be located at the corner of [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]] and Wall Street, north of ''Fearless Girl''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Small |first=Zachary |date=May 22, 2020 |title=New York's Iconic 'Charging Bull' Sculpture Becomes Subject of Fierce Debate Among Politicians |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/new-yorks-charging-bull-move-controversy-1202688237/ |access-date=June 14, 2020 |website=ARTnews.com}}</ref> The PDC declined to endorse relocation in June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Julia |date=June 22, 2020 |title=NYC panel tells Mayor de Blasio he can't move Wall Street's 'Charging Bull' |url=https://nypost.com/2020/06/22/nyc-panel-tells-de-blasio-he-cant-move-wall-streets-charging-bull/ |access-date=June 30, 2020 |website=New York Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Cascone |first=Sarah |date=June 23, 2020 |title=Charging Bull, Symbol of Wall Street's Roaring Market, Will Remain in Place After a Vote Nixes Mayor de Blasio's Plan to Move It |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/mayor-cant-move-charging-bull-design-commission-says-1889235 |access-date=June 30, 2020 |website=artnet News}}</ref>

On October 18, 2021, [[Harambe (statue)|a statue]] of [[Harambe]], a gorilla, was placed facing the statue in a similar manner to ''Fearless Girl'' and thousands of bananas were placed under the bull's feet. The act was carried out by organizers promoting Sapien.Network, an in-development social media network.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/7-foot-tall-harambe-statue-stares-down-wall-streets-charging-bull-which-is-now-covered-in-bananas/3330853/ |title=7-Foot Harambe Statue Stares Down Wall Street's Charging Bull, Which Is Now Covered in Bananas |date=October 10, 2021 |access-date=October 10, 2021 |author=Gabriella Lozano |work=NBC New York}}</ref>

In fall 2021, artist [[Nelson Saiers]] placed a series of sculptures next to the ''Bull'' to comment on the [[Federal Reserve|Federal Reserve's]] monetary policy and inflation. The first, "Cheap Money is Out of Order," featured a gumball machine filled with $10 bills offered for 25 cents with an "Out of Order!" sign taped to its face.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tavares |first1=Joanna |date=March 26, 2023 |title=Public art installations around NYC |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/photos/ny-public-art-installations-new-york-city-20230326-ypaxsxsnk5dttlbcbvfh6vn32i-photogallery.html |website=New York Daily News |access-date=March 26, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dillian |first1=Jared |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Free Trading Isn't Free, But We're Still Better Off |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/free-trading-isnt-free-but-were-still-better-off/2022/08/25/e9c05852-2465-11ed-a72f-1e7149072fbc_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rivers |first1=Martin Leo |date=December 9, 2021 |title='Bitcoin Rat' Artist Nelson Saiers Calls Bull On Fed's Inflation Policy |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/martinrivers/2021/12/09/bitcoin-rat-artist-nelson-saiers-calls-bull-on-feds-reckless-disregard-for-inflation/?sh=6d115e12a879 |website=Forbes |access-date=December 9, 2021}}</ref>