Editing Chavacano (section)

===Varieties===
[[Image:Map chavacano.gif|thumb|right|190px|Native Zamboangueño speakers in Mindanao]]

Linguists have identified at least six Spanish creole varieties in the Philippines. Their classification is based on their [[Substrata (linguistics)|substrate languages]] and the regions where they are commonly spoken. The three known varieties of Chavacano with [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] as their substrate language are the [[Luzon]]-based creoles of which are '''Caviteño''' (spoken in [[Cavite City]]), '''Bahra''' or '''Ternateño''' (spoken in [[Ternate, Cavite]]) and '''Ermiteño''' (once spoken in the old district of [[Ermita, Manila|Ermita]] in [[Manila]] and is now extinct).

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Variety
! style="width:13%;"| Places
!Main language 
of households 
(2020 census)
! style="width:12%;" | Native speakers
|- valign="top"
|'''Zamboangueño (Zamboangueño/Zamboangueño Chavacano/Chabacano de Zamboanga)'''||'''[[Zamboanga City]]''', '''[[Basilan]]''', '''[[Sulu]]''', '''[[Tawi-Tawi]]''', '''[[Zamboanga del Sur]]''', '''[[Zamboanga del Norte]]''', '''[[Zamboanga Sibugay]]'''
|104,470<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2023 |title=Language/Dialect Generally Spoken at Home |url=https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/PR_Statistical%20Tables_Language_030323_PMMJ_CRD.xlsx |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=Philippine Statistics Authority}}</ref> || 359,000 (Rubino 2008, citing 2000 census)<ref name="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</ref>
|- valign="top"
|'''Caviteño (Chabacano di Nisos/Chabacano de Cavite)'''||'''[[Cavite City]]''', '''[[Cavite]]'''
|921<ref name=":1" />|| 4,000 (2013)<ref name="Ethnologue"/>
|- valign="top"
|'''Cotabateño (Chabacano de Cotabato)'''||'''[[Cotabato City]]''', '''[[Maguindanao]], [[South Cotabato]]'''
|442<ref name=":1" />|| No data
|- valign="top"
|'''Castellano Abakay (Chabacano Davaoeño)'''||'''[[Davao Region]]''', '''[[Davao City]]'''
|542<ref name=":1" />|| No data 
|- valign="top"
|'''Ternateño (Bahra)'''||'''[[Ternate, Cavite|Ternate]]''', '''[[Cavite]]'''
|No data|| 3,000 (2013)<ref name="Ethnologue"/>
|- valign="top"
|'''Ermiteño (Ermitense)'''||'''[[Ermita]]''', '''[[Manila]]'''
|0 (extinct)|| Extinct
|}

There are a number of theories on how these different varieties of Chavacano have evolved and how they are related to one another. According to some linguists, Zamboangueño Chavacano is believed to have been influenced by Caviteño Chabacano as evidenced by prominent [[Zamboangueño]] families who descended from Spanish Army officers (from [[Spain]] and [[Latin America]]), primarily Caviteño mestizos, stationed at [[Fort Pilar]] in the 19th century. When Caviteño officers recruited workers and technicians from [[Iloilo]] to man their [[sugar]] plantations and [[rice]] fields to reduce the local population's dependence on the Donativo de Zamboanga, the Spanish colonial government levied taxes on the islanders to support the fort's operations. With the subsequent migration of Ilonggo traders to Zamboanga, the Zamboangueño Chavacano was infused with [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] words as the previous migrant community was assimilated.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.zamboanga.org/chavacano/chabacano_by_ben_saavedra.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205215037/http://www.zamboanga.org/chavacano/chabacano_by_ben_saavedra.htm |archive-date=2005-02-05 |title=Mensajes Y Noticias |date=2005-02-05 |access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref>

Most of what appears to be [[Bisayan languages|Bisaya]] words in Zamboangueño Chavacano are actually Hiligaynon. Although Zamboangueño Chavacano's contact with Bisaya began much earlier when Bisaya soldiers were stationed at Fort Pilar during the Spanish colonial period, it was not until closer to the middle of the 20th century that borrowings from Bisaya accelerated from more migration from the Visayas as well as the current migration from other Visayan-speaking areas of the Zamboanga Peninsula.

'''Zamboangueño''' (Chavacano) is spoken in [[Zamboanga City]], [[Basilan]], parts of [[Sulu]] and [[Tawi-Tawi]], and [[Zamboanga del Sur]], [[Zamboanga Sibugay]] and [[Zamboanga del Norte]]. Zamboangueño Chavacano is the most dynamically spoken language of Philippine Creole Spanish. It is used as a lingua franca between both Muslim and Christians in the Southwestern Mindanao and Basilan Islands communities. Its influence has spread to other islands in the west, such as the Jolo Islands, as well as to Cotabato and Davao in Mindanao.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2005-06-01|title=The Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages and the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, In Retrospect|journal=Creole Language in Creole Literatures|volume=20|issue=1|pages=167–174|doi=10.1075/jpcl.20.1.09gil|issn=0920-9034|last1=Gilbert|first1=Glenn}}</ref> The other varieties of Chavacano with [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] as their primary substrate language are the [[Mindanao]]-based creoles of which are '''Castellano Abakay''' or '''Chavacano Davaoeño''' (spoken in some areas of [[Davao City|Davao]]), influenced by [[Hokkien in the Philippines|Hokkien]] [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]], {{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} and divided into two varieties, ''Castellano Abakay Chino'' and ''Castellano Abakay Japón'', and '''Cotabateño''' (spoken in [[Cotabato City]]). Both Cotabateño and Davaoeño are very similar to Zamboangueño.