Editing Cherokee Outlet (section)

==The Civil War and its aftermath==
The Cherokee Outlet was little used for decades after its creation. The Cherokees were farmers rather than ranchers or hunters, but the nomadic and warlike [[Plains Indians]] recognized no ownership of the outlet except by themselves, and used the outlet for hunting. They resisted encroachments on their range, whether by Whites or other Indians.<ref>"The Cherokee Outlet," http://www.garfieldokgen.org/History.htm, accessed 17 Nov 2018</ref> Consequently, only a few Cherokees took advantage of the outlet to the west of their homes for hunting or to graze cattle.<ref>Essery, Roderick C. (April 2015), ''The Cherokee Nation in the Nineteenth Century: Racial Tension and the Loss of Tribal Sovereignty,'' Dissertation: Flinders University of South Australia, p. 189</ref> With the coming of the [[American Civil War]] in 1861, the Cherokees and other Indians living in Indian Territory were divided between support for the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] and the [[Confederate States of America]]. A substantial number of Cherokees were slave owners. The census of 1835 counted 1,592 slaves among the Cherokees and 7.4% of Cherokees were slave owners.<ref>McLouglin (Dec 1977), pp. 681, 690</ref> The attraction of Cherokees toward the Confederacy was magnified by a statement in fall 1860 by [[William Seward]], a prominent supporter of Unionist presidential candidate [[Abraham Lincoln]], who said that the Cherokees and other Indians should be expelled from Indian Territory and relocated.<ref>McLoughlin, William G. (2014), ''After the Trail of Tears: The Cherokees' Struggle for Sovereignty, 1839–1880,'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, pp. 166–167 {{ISBN?}}</ref>

After the American Civil War, the United States demanded a new treaty (see [[Reconstruction Treaties]]) to punish the Cherokees because of the support of many of them for the Confederacy.<ref name=okstate>{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v014/v014p022.html|title=Oklahoma: A Foreordained Commonwealth|year=1936|access-date=2006-12-05|publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214095157/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v014/v014p022.html|archive-date=2012-02-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new treaty (ratified on July 19, 1866) required the Cherokee to sell land in the Cherokee Outlet to other Indian tribes and to allow them to move into and live in the Outlet. The price for the land was to be negotiated with the U.S. president deciding on a price if one could not be agreed to by the Cherokee and the Indian tribes wishing to buy the land.<ref>"Treaty with the Cherokee, 1866," [http://www.southerncherokeeok.com/documents/treaty.pdf], accessed 20 Nov 2018.</ref>

Meanwhile, the Indian peoples in neighboring Kansas came under intense pressure from the U.S. government and White settlers. With new lands available to them in the Cherokee Outlet, the various Indian people living in Kansas were induced by the U.S. to sell their lands and to purchase new lands in the Cherokee Outlet. The [[Osage Nation|Osage]] moved to lands (now [[Osage County, Oklahoma]]) in the Cherokee Outlet in 1872, followed shortly by the [[Kaw people|Kaw]], [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]], [[Otoe-Missouria]], [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]], [[Ponca]], and [[Tonkawa]].<ref>[https://www.okhistory.org/images/research/IT.4.1889.pdf "Timeline of American Indian Removal"], Oklahoma Historical Society, accessed 20 November 2018. The Nez Perce were later allowed to move to [[Washington (State)|Washington]].</ref> The Osage had enough in funds (managed by the U.S. government) to pay for their new lands in the Cherokee Outlet; the U.S. government failed to pay for the land sold to the other tribes until the 1880s, and then paid less than the price asked by the Cherokees.<ref>Smith and Teague, pp. 279–283</ref>

The practical impact of this settlement of non-Cherokee Indians in the eastern portion of the Cherokee Outlet was to cut the Cherokee off from easy access to the western part of the outlet, thus making it "virtually useless" to them.<ref>Snodgrass, William George (1972), ''A History of the Cherokee Outlet'', Dissertation: Oklahoma State University, p. 11</ref>