Editing Chhayavad (section)

==Historical Context==
===Development===
[[File:Sarasvati Magazine.png|thumb|150px|left|Cover of  Sarasvatī, an influential magazine started during the Dwivedi period]]
Until the early 20th century, Hindi poetry followed traditions that had developed over several centuries through various medieval literary forms and dialects. The first attempts at modern standardized Hindi poetry, based on [[Kauravi dialect|''Khari Boli'']], emerged during a surge of literary activity in [[Varanasi]] in the 1860s, centered around [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]]. It was primarily characterized by ''bhakti'' (religious devotion) or ''riti'' (courtly love) themes. The '''''Bhartendu yug''''' introduced innovations, such as using verses in [[Braj Bhasha]] for dramas to comment on contemporary issues, but these did not gain lasting traction.<ref>McGregor,R.S.(1974), p.34-38</ref>

A significant shift in Hindi poetry occurred with the founding of the magazine [[Saraswati (magazine)|''Sarasvatī'']] in 1900, under the editorship of [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]]. While initially appreciated more for its social and literary goals than for its aesthetic value, the '''''Dwivedi yug''''' marked a transformation in the content of Hindi poetry. Poets of this era moved away from the limited scope of ''rītī'' poetry and began addressing themes such as [[nationalism]] and [[social reform]]. A defining work of this period is [[Maithili Sharan Gupt|Maithilisharan Gupt's]] 1912 poem ''Bhārat-Bhāratī'', which exemplifies the nationalist sentiment of the time. Dwivedi-era introduced didactic themes that shaped the discourse of Hindi literature through the second and third decades of the 20th century.<ref>Schomer, Karine (1983), p.6-7</ref>

Simultaneously, a younger generation of poets emerged on the fringes of the literary establishment, rejecting both the ideal prosaic moral earnestness of Dwivedi-era poetry and the narrow scope of ''rītī'' traditions. Their reaction against earlier styles and themes led to a revolution in poetic sensibility, ultimately giving rise to the '''''Chhayavad yug'''''.<ref>Schomer, Karine (1983), p.7-8</ref><ref>Rubin, David (1998), p-12</ref>

===Period===
The Chāyāvād period is generally dated between 1918 and 1938, though some critics and scholars propose slight variations for its inception. This period of literary flourishing coincided with the aftermath of [[World War I]], and extended through the interwar years, culminating in the early 1940s as [[World War II]] commenced. Hence, this poetic stream aligns with global trends of [[introspection]], and [[Cultural movement|cultural revival]] in [[Aftermath of World War I|post-war]] societies. The Chāyāvād era also coincided with India's escalating struggle for [[Indian Independence Movement|independence]], intertwining personal emotions with the collective aspirations for cultural identity and an implicit desire for political independence.<ref>Rubin, David (2005), p.17-20</ref>