Editing Cilice (section)

==Use==
[[Image:St Aspais Melun - cilice.jpg|thumb|300px|Hairshirt cilice of [[Louis IX of France|St. Louis]] at St. Aspais Church, [[Melun]], [[France]]]]
[[File:Ivan the Terrible's cilice 02 by shakko.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Ivan the Terrible]]'s hairshirt cilice (16th century). The tsar wanted to die like a monk.]]

There is some evidence, based on analyses of both clothing represented in art and preserved skin imprint patterns at [[Çatalhöyük]] in Turkey, that the usage of the cilice predates written history. This finding has been mirrored at [[Göbekli Tepe]], another [[Anatolia]]n site, indicating the widespread manufacturing of cilices. Ian Hodder has argued that "self-injuring clothing was an essential component of the Catalhöyük culturo-ritual entanglement, representing 'cleansing' and 'lightness'."<ref>Ian Hodder, "Çatalhöyük: The Leopard's Tale", Thames & Hudson, 2006.</ref>

In Biblical times, it was the [[Jewish]] custom to wear a hairshirt (sackcloth) when "mourning or in a public show of repentance for sin" (Genesis 37:34,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Genesis|37:34|KJV}}</ref> 2 Samuel 3:31,<ref>{{Bibleverse|2 Samuel|3:31|KJV}}</ref> Esther 4:1).<ref>{{Bibleverse|Esther|4:1|KJV}}</ref><ref name="Kosloski2019"/> In the [[New Testament]], [[John the Baptist]] wore "a garment of camel's hair" as a means of repentance (Matthew 3:4).<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|3:4|KJV}}</ref><ref name="Kosloski2019">{{cite web |last1=Kosloski |first1=Philip |title=The spiritual symbolism of John the Baptist's unusual clothing |url=https://aleteia.org/2019/08/29/the-spiritual-symbolism-of-john-the-baptists-unusual-clothing/ |publisher=[[Aleteia]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |language=English |date=29 August 2019}}</ref> As such, adherents of many [[Christianity|Christian]] denominations have worn sackcloth to repent, [[mortification of the flesh|mortify the flesh]] or as a [[penance]], especially for sins relating to lavishly adorning oneself (cf. 1 Peter 3:3,<ref>{{Bibleverse|1 Peter|3:3|KJV}}</ref> 1 Timothy 2:9).<ref>{{Bibleverse|1 Timothy|2:9|KJV}}</ref>

Cilices have been used for centuries in the [[Catholic Church]] as a mild form of bodily penance akin to [[fasting]]. [[Thomas Becket]] was wearing a hairshirt when he was [[martyr]]ed,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Frank|title=Thomas Becket|publisher=The Folio Society|year=2002|location=London|pages=299, 314}}</ref> [[St. Patrick]] reputedly wore a cilice, [[Charlemagne]] was buried in a hairshirt,{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} and [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]], Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany, famously wore one in the [[Walk to Canossa]] during the [[Investiture Controversy]].{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] was found to be wearing a hairshirt at the time of his death in 1460.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} [[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis of Assisi]], [[Ignatius of Loyola|St. Ignatius of Loyola]], [[Thomas More|St. Thomas More]]<ref name=caldwell/> and [[Thérèse of Lisieux|St. Therese of Lisieux]] are known to have used them.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Scottish king [[James IV]] wore a cilice during Lent to repent of the indirect role he played in [[James III of Scotland|his father]]'s death.  In modern times they have been used by [[Mother Teresa]], [[Pio of Pietrelcina|St. Padre Pio]], and [[Pope Paul VI]].<ref name=barrett>{{cite press release| title=Opus Dei and Corporal Mortification|author=Michael Barrett, a priest of Opus Dei| publisher=Opus Dei | date=17 May 2006| url=https://opusdei.org/en/article/opus-dei-and-corporal-mortification-2/}}</ref> In the [[Discalced Carmelites|Discalced Carmelite]] convent of St. Teresa in Livorno, Italy, members of [[Opus Dei]] who are celibate (about 30% of the membership), and the [[Franciscan]] Brothers and Sisters of the Immaculate Conception continue an [[Asceticism|ascetic]] use of the cilice.{{sfn|Allen|2006|pp=165, 169, 171–173}} According to [[John L. Allen Jr.|John Allen]], an American Catholic writer, its practice in the Catholic Church is "more widespread than many observers imagine".{{sfn|Allen|2006|p=173}}

Some high church Anglicans, including [[Edward Bouverie Pusey]], wore hairshirts as a part of their spirituality.<ref name="KnightMason2006"/>

In the Presbyterian [[Church of Scotland]], influenced by the [[Evangelical revival in Scotland|evangelical revival]], penitents were dressed in sackcloth and called in front of the [[chancel]], where they were ordered to admit their sins.<ref name="Yates2014"/>

In some Methodist churches in the United States, on [[Ash Wednesday]], communicants, along with receiving ashes, also receive a piece of sackcloth "as a reminder of our own sinful ways and need for repentance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stpaulsrushville.org/2017/03/11/sackcloth/|title=Sackcloth|last=Ice|first=Roy E.|date=11 March 2017|publisher=St Paul's United Methodist Church|language=en|access-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327170532/http://www.stpaulsrushville.org/2017/03/11/sackcloth/|archive-date=27 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>