Editing Classroom (section)

==Decor and design==
{{Multiple image
| image1            = Sebuah ruang kelas di Katedral Jakarta.jpg
| caption1          = A classroom at [[Jakarta Cathedral]], [[Indonesia]] for [[religious education]]/purposes used by [[catechumens]]
| image2            = Hainan Medical College - 14.jpg
| caption2          = A classroom at [[Hainan Medical College]], [[Haikou]] City, Hainan, China.
}}

The layout, design and decor of the classroom has a significant effect upon the quality of the educational experience.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Design of Learning Spaces|page=35
|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1855397749|isbn=978-1855397743
|first=Pamela |last=Woolner|year=2010|publisher=A&C Black
}}</ref> Attention to the acoustics and colour scheme may reduce distractions and aid concentration. The lighting and furniture likewise influence factors such as student [[attention span]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Culture, Environmental Action, and Sustainability|page=326
|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1616762829|isbn=978-1616762827
|first1=Ricardo García|last1=Mira|first2=José M|last2=Camaselle|first3=José R|last3=Martinez|year=2003}}</ref>

Historically, relatively few pupil-centric design principles were used in the construction of classrooms. In 19th century Britain, one of the few common considerations was to try and orient new buildings so the class windows faced north as much as possible, while avoiding west or southern facing windows,  as in Britain northern light causes less glare.<ref name = "Solar">{{Citation| author = DFE
  | title = Passive Solar Schools - A Design Guide
  | year = 1994
  | pages = 7–8
  | isbn = 978-0-11-270876-6
  | publisher =  [[Office of Public Sector Information|HMSO]]
  | author-link = Department for Education and Skills (United Kingdom)
 }}</ref> Desks were often arranged in columns and rows, with a teacher's desk at the front, where she/he would stand and lecture the class. Little colors were used to avoid distracting the children. In the 1950s and 60s, cheap and harsh fluorescent lights were sometimes used, which could cause [[eyestrain]]. Research has suggested that optimal use of daylight, [[acoustics]], color selection and even the arrangement of the furniture in the classroom can affect pupils' academic success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=6 Benefits of School Furniture for Dynamic Learning Spaces |url=https://www.sketchwoodmodular.com/6-benefits-of-school-furniture-for-dynamic-learning-spaces/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Georgetown University]] found that test scores increased by 11% through the improvement of a classroom's physical environment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/asset/document/the-value-of-good-design.pdf#page=4 |title=The Value of Good Design |work=[[Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment]] |date=2002 |at=B2}}</ref>

In the design of a classroom, desk arrangements are essential to the decor and design of the classroom followed by seating arrangements for the students. Usually classroom desks are arranged in rows or columns, but there are many more ways to arrange the desks. For example, a circle can be made with the desks so that it is more of a group discussion. The desks can also be in a "U" shape for group discussions and easy access for the teacher. Another common principle is arrangement in 'clusters' or small groups, which usually improves interaction and participation in (small) group-processes. Color is also a big asset to the classroom by relating the colors to the subjects learned in the classroom to help the students learn. Color also helps the atmosphere be fun and exciting, and helps visual stimulation for the students.

===Acoustics===
[[File:Classroom at üü.jpg|thumb|A classroom in [[Üsküdar University]], [[Istanbul]], Turkey]]
The acoustics of the classroom are very often overlooked, but are an important part of the success of a child. Choosing only materials that cause sound to reverberate, such as tile floors and hard wall surfaces, greatly increases noise levels and can prove detrimental to learning. One study of hyperactive versus control groups of children found that white noise has no impact on either group, but that auditory stimulation such as distant conversations or music has a negative effect on both groups of students. Children with [[attention deficit disorder]] scored higher on tests when white noise was being pumped into the classroom than when music was played. The control group of children as well as the hyperactive group of children averaged the same test scores when there was no sound as when white noise was being played.<ref>{{citation |title=Effects of classroom noise on performance and activity of second-grade hyperactive and control children |author1=Zentall, Sydney S. |author2=Shaw, Jandira H.  |journal=Journal of Educational Psychology |volume=72 |issue=6 |date=December 1980 |pages=830–840 |doi=10.1037/0022-0663.72.6.830|pmid=7204739}}</ref>

By utilizing soft surfaces, especially on the floor, the sounds within and outside of the classroom will be diminished, taking away from the distractions facing students and improving not just the test scores of hyperactive children, but those without attention deficit disorder as well. Although carpet is an obvious choice for sound absorption, it may not be suitable for high traffic areas like hallways. In such cases, other sound absorbing materials, such as cork, can be used. The use of sound absorbing ceiling tiles may also be a wise choice for areas where carpet cannot be used for practical purposes.

===Color selection===
[[File:U.Va. classroom.jpg|thumb|A classroom in the [[University of Virginia]]'s New Cabell Hall, featuring white, gray, yellow, and black as its dominant colors.]]
[[Color theory]] refers to the effects color has on the human body. Red is said to increase both aggression and appetite, a poor combination for a school's interior. Yellow increases adrenaline levels and is also undesirable for a school setting. Blue, green, and brown create a relaxing and calming environment, which is a positive for the classroom.<ref name="Dyck">{{Citation|last=Dyck|first=James|title=The Built Environment's Effect on Learning: Applying Current Research|journal=Montessori Life|volume=14|issue=1|page=53|year=2002}}</ref> However, blue also is associated with cold and sadness and elongates the sense of time, which would make a blue classroom tortuous for students (Vodvarka, 1999). Warm colors are often favored by students, making them more alert and increasing brain activity, which helps in increasing test scores. Cool colors had the opposite effect.<ref>{{citation|author1=Jago, Elizabeth|title=Influence of the School Facility on Student Achievement: Lighting; Color|date=April 1999|url=http://www.coe.uga.edu/sdpl/researchabstracts/visual.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716224145/http://www.coe.uga.edu/sdpl/researchabstracts/visual.html|archive-date=2012-07-16|author2=Tanner, Ken|url-status=dead}}</ref> By balancing warm and cool colors, bright and subdued, a pleasing effect can be achieved that will reduce absenteeism in schools and keep the students focused on what the teacher is saying. Test scores go up when children are not in a stark white environment, which can feel sterile and cold.<ref>{{citation|author=Fielding, Randall|title=What They See Is What They Get: Ten Myths about Lighting and Color in Schools|date=March 2006|url=http://www.edutopia.org/what-they-see-what-we-get|journal=Edutopia|volume=2|number=2|pages=28–30}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Color Theory for Classrooms and Schools|url=http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/color.cfm|publisher=National Institute of Building Sciences|access-date=2013-05-07|archive-date=2017-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527143304/http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/color.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Classroom arrangement ===
[[File:ClassroomMoveableFurnitureITESMCCM 02.JPG|thumb|Redesigned classroom with moveable furniture at [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City]], United States ]] 
[[Class arrangement|Classroom arrangement]] or the arrangement of furniture is an important aspect because students spend most of their time seated in the classroom. The furniture should be able to move and easy to arrange to allow students to sit in places that are best suited for their learning styles so they can focus on work<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rosenfeld|first1=Lawrence|title=Setting the Stage for Learning|journal=Theory into Practice|date=5 November 2009|volume=16|issue=3|doi=10.1080/00405847709542693|pages=167–173}}</ref>

Traditionally, classrooms have had one setup: straight rows of desks facing the front of the classroom. The row style allows teachers ample amount of space to walk around. This makes it easier for teachers to supervise the students work and catch any students that may be misbehaving, insuring that students stay focused. Studies have found that the row style also fosters less off topic talking causing the atmosphere to be more conducive to learning.<ref name="Seating Arrangements">{{cite journal|last1=Wannarka|first1=Rachel|last2=Ruhl|first2=Kathy|s2cid=11916658|title=Seating arrangements that promote positive academic and behavioural outcomes: a review of empirical research|journal=Support for Learning|date=May 2008|volume=23|issue=2|pages=89–93|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9604.2008.00375.x}}</ref> While the row style sounds ideal from a teacher's standpoint it can be damaging to the student's well-being. The row style of desk arrangement has been found to cause the students to withdraw.<ref name=Effects>{{cite journal|last1=Rosenfield|last2=Lambert|last3=Black|title=Desk Arrangement Effects On Pupil Classroom Behavior|journal=Journal of Educational Psychology|date=1985|volume=77|pages=101–108|doi=10.1037/0022-0663.77.1.101}}</ref>

An alternative to the traditional row style desk pavement is to arrange the desks in groups. Phil Beadle, a UK Secondary Teacher of the Year, believes that it is best to arrange the desks in groups of six desks if at all possible. This allows for the most use out of the desk arrangement as you have the ability to utilize groups of two, three, or six students without moving a single chair.<ref name="How To Teach">{{cite book|last1=Beadle|first1=P.|title=. How to Teach: The ultimate (and ultimately irreverent) look at what you should be doing in your classroom if you want to be the best teacher you can possibly be|date=2010|publisher=Crown House Publishing}}</ref> Beadle is not the only teacher to swear by group desk arrangement; studies have shown that the group desk placement setup produces a greater number of on task actions than any other form of desk placement.<ref name=Effects/> The group setup does have one potentially serious negative side effect. Students sitting in group desk placements are more likely to misbehave when the teacher is not looking, like using iPads that are provided by the school, such as in the [[Cupertino]] Union School District. To avoid this the groups of desks should be arranged around the outside of the room giving the teacher plenty of room to walk around and supervise as well as providing room for kinesthetic activities that can be beneficial to the students learning.<ref name="How To Teach"/>

The final popular desk arrangement is the circle/semicircle placement. This particular desk setup is growing in popularity due to the numerous positive outcomes it provides. The circle desk arrangement facilitates the flow of ideas by fostering positive group dynamics. When sitting in a circle it is easier for students to not only see who is talking, but to make eye contact with the speaker. Students sitting in a circle arrangement tend to feel more comfortable speaking up and asking questions.<ref name="Seating Arrangements"/> This style of desk placement also makes it easier for teachers to control the class, preventing misbehaving and off task comments as it allows them to easily see all the students, and allows all the students to see the teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waters |first=Helena |date=2022-04-25 |title=12 Must-Have Teacher Desk Accessories Every Teacher Needs: Classroom Organization Tips |url=https://schoolsparks.com/12-must-have-teacher-desk-accessories-every-teacher-needs-classroom-organization-tips/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=School Sparks |language=en-US}}</ref> Besides, the type of furniture may play an important role in the learning space. There is a relationship between the ergonomic characteristics of the educational furniture and the number of cognitive errors: the more ergonomic characteristics of the furniture, the less error. There is also an error percentage reduction using separated chair and desk.<ref>Jafari A, Arghami Sh, Kamali K, Zenozian S. Relationship Between Educational Furniture Design and Cognitive Error. In Congress of the International Ergonomics Association 2018 Aug 26 (pp. 649-656). Springer, Cham.</ref>