Editing Claustrum (section)

=== Connections ===
An early summary of reports from the 20th century emphasized cortical inputs and outputs.<ref name="Edelstein2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Edelstein LR, Denaro FJ | title = The claustrum: a historical review of its anatomy, physiology, cytochemistry and functional significance | journal = Cellular and Molecular Biology | volume = 50 | issue = 6 | pages = 675–702 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15643691 }}</ref> However, later work has suggested the claustrum has extensive connections to cortical and subcortical regions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Buchanan KJ, Johnson JI | title = Diversity of spatial relationships of the claustrum and insula in branches of the mammalian radiation | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 1225 Suppl 1 | pages = E30-63 | date = May 2011 | issue = S1 | pmid = 21599698 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06022.x | bibcode = 2011NYASA1225E..30B | s2cid = 2245096 }}</ref> More specifically, [[Electrophysiology|electrophysiological]] studies show extensive connections to [[List of thalamic nuclei|thalamic nuclei]] and the [[basal ganglia]], while isotopological reports have linked the claustrum with the prefrontal, frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital cortices.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-404566-8.00005-2 |chapter=Physiology of the Claustrum |title=The Claustrum |year=2014 |last1=Sherk |first1=Helen |pages=177–191 |isbn=978-0-12-404566-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | first1 = John R | last1 = Smythies | first2 = Lawrence R | last2 = Edelstein | first3 = V S | last3 = Ramachandran | name-list-style = vanc |title=The claustrum : structural, functional, and clinical neuroscience |date=2014|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-404566-8 |oclc=861211388}}{{page needed|date=September 2020}}</ref> Additional studies have also looked at the relationship of the claustrum to well-described subcortical white matter tracts. Structures such as the [[corona radiata]], [[occipitofrontal fasciculus]] and [[uncinate fasciculus]] project to the claustrum from frontal, pericentral, parietal and occipital regions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fernandez-Miranda JC, Pathak S, Engh J, Jarbo K, Verstynen T, Yeh FC, Wang Y, Mintz A, Boada F, Schneider W, Friedlander R | s2cid = 12867524 | title = High-definition fiber tractography of the human brain: neuroanatomical validation and neurosurgical applications | journal = Neurosurgery | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | pages = 430–53 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22513841 | doi = 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182592faa }}</ref> Reciprocal connections also exist with motor, [[Somatosensory system|somatosensory]], [[Primary auditory cortex|auditory]] and visual cortical regions.<ref name="Goll2015" /> Altogether, these findings leave the claustrum as the most highly connected structure per regional volume in the brain and suggest that it may serve as a hub to coordinate activity of cerebral circuits.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = LeVay S | title = Synaptic organization of claustral and geniculate afferents to the visual cortex of the cat | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 6 | issue = 12 | pages = 3564–75 | date = December 1986 | pmid = 2432202 | pmc = 6568649 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-12-03564.1986 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zingg B, Hintiryan H, Gou L, Song MY, Bay M, Bienkowski MS, Foster NN, Yamashita S, Bowman I, Toga AW, Dong HW | title = Neural networks of the mouse neocortex | journal = Cell | volume = 156 | issue = 5 | pages = 1096–111 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24581503 | pmc = 4169118 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.023 }}</ref> Even with this extensive connectivity, most projections to and from the claustrum are ipsilateral (although there are still contralateral projections), and little evidence exists to describe its afferent or efferent connections with the brainstem and spinal cord.<ref name="Goll2015" /><ref name="Edelstein2004"/><ref name="Markowitsch1984">{{cite journal | vauthors = Markowitsch HJ, Irle E, Bang-Olsen R, Flindt-Egebak P | title = Claustral efferents to the cat's limbic cortex studied with retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques | journal = Neuroscience | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 409–25 | date = June 1984 | pmid = 6462456 | doi = 10.1016/0306-4522(84)90062-9 | s2cid = 21613309 }}</ref> In summary, the cortical and subcortical connectivity of the claustrum implies that it is most involved with processing sensory information, as well as the physical and emotional state of an animal.