Editing Cockade (section)

==European military==
[[File:Dom João, Príncipe Regente, passando revista às tropas na Azambuja - Domingos Sequeira, 1803 (cropped1).png|thumb|right|[[John VI of Portugal]] wearing the blue-and-red cockade of Portugal on a military cocked hat]]
[[File:Kokarde Schwarz-Weiß-Rot 1897.jpg|thumb|A metal cockade on the swivel of a [[Pickelhaube]] helmet.]]
From the 15th century, various [[Europe]]an monarchy realms used cockades to denote the nationalities of their militaries.<ref name="google24">{{cite book|title=The Little Bombardier, and Pocket Gunner. By Ralph Willett Adye|author=ADYE, R.W.|date=1802|publisher=T. Egerton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-thAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA271|page=271|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google25">{{cite book|title=Don Troiani's Soldiers in America, 1754-1865|author1=Troiani, D.|author2=Kochan, J.L.|author3=Coates, J.|author4=Kochan, J.|date=1998|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=9780811705196|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780811705196|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780811705196/page/99 99]|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> Their origin reverts to the distinctive colored band or ribbon worn by late medieval armies or jousting knights on their arms or headgear to distinguish friend from foe in the field of battle. Ribbon-style cockades were worn later upon helmets and brimmed hats or [[tricorne]]s and [[bicorne]]s just as the French did, and also on [[cocked hat]]s and [[shako]]es. Coloured metal cockades were worn at the right side of [[helmet]]s; while small button-type cockades were worn at the front of [[kepi]]s and peaked caps.<ref name="google27">{{cite book|title=The Kaiser's Army: The German Army in World War One|author=Stone, D.|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781844862924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-u7sCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT175|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google28">{{cite book|title=MILITARY UNIFORMS IN EUROPE 1900 - 2000 Volume One|author=Kidd, R.S.|date=2013|publisher=LULU Press|isbn=9781291187441|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FE4DBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|page=128|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> In addition to the significance of these symbols in denoting loyalty to a particular monarch, the coloured cockade served to provide a common and economical field sign at a time when the colours of uniform coats might vary widely between regiments in a single army.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Mollo|pages=30–31|title=Military Fashion|year=1972 |isbn=0-214-65349-8}}</ref>
   
During the [[Napoleonic wars]], the armies of [[France]] and [[Russia]], had the imperial French cockade or the larger cockade of [[St. George]] pinned on the front of their [[shako]]s.<ref name="google29">{{cite book|title=Napoleon's Mercenaries: Foreign Units in the French Army Under the Consulate and Empire, 1799-1814|author=Dempsey, G.|date=2002|publisher=Greenhill Books|isbn=9781853674884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUuaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA267|page=267|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>

The Second [[German Empire]] (1870–1918) used two cockades on each army headgear: one (black-white-red) for the empire; the other for one of the monarchies the empire was composed of, which had used their own colors long before. The only exceptions were the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Württemberg, having preserved the right to keep their own armed forces which were not integrated in the Imperial Army. Their only cockades were either white-blue-white (Bavaria) or black-red-black (Württemberg).<ref>{{cite book|first=R.Spencer|last=Kidd|page=5|title=Military Uniforms in Europe 1900-2000 Vol. One|date=October 2013 |isbn=978-1-291-18744-1}}</ref><ref name="google31"/><ref name="google32">{{cite book|title=Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History &#91;4 volumes&#93;: 400 Years of Military History|author=D, D.T.Z.P.|date=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598849813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCWMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA494|page=494|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>

The [[Weimar Republic]] (1919–1933) removed these, as they might promote separatism which would lead to the dissolution of the German nation-state into regional countries again.<ref name="google33">{{cite book|title=U-Boat Crews 1914–45|author1=Williamson, G.|author2=Pavlovic, D.|date=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781780967905|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WI3vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> 
When the [[Nazi]]s came to power, they rejected the democratic German colours of ''black-red-gold'' used by the Weimar Republic. Nazis reintroduced the imperial colours (in German: ''die kaiserlichen Farben'' or ''Reichsfarben'') of black on the outside, white next, and a red center. The Nazi government used ''black-white-red'' on all army caps.<ref name="google34">{{cite book|title=Imperial German Colonial and Overseas Troops 1885?1918|author1=de Quesada, A.|author2=Dale, C.|author3=Walsh, S.|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781780961651|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVGbCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|page=47|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> These colours represented the biggest and the smallest countries of the Reich: large Prussia (black and white) and the tiny [[Hanseatic League]] [[city state]]s of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck (white and red).

France began the first [[History of the Armée de l'Air (1909-1942)|Air Service]] in 1909 and soon picked the traditional French cockade as the first national emblem, now usually termed a [[roundel]], on military aircraft. During World War I, other countries adopted national cockades and used these coloured emblems as roundels on their military aircraft. These designs often bear an additional central device or emblem to further identify national aircraft, those from the [[French navy]] bearing a black anchor within the French cockade.<ref name="google35">{{cite book|title=The U.S. Air Service in the Great War, 1917-1919|author=Cooke, J.J.|date=1996|publisher=Praeger|isbn=9780275948627|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvHjd79SgzIC&pg=PA202|page=202|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>

[[Hungarians|Hungarian]] revolutionaries wore cockades during the [[Hungarian revolution of 1848]] and during the [[1956 revolution]]. Because of this, Hungarians traditionally wear cockades on 15 March.<ref name="google36">{{cite book|title=Democracy and Myth in Russia and Eastern Europe|author1=Wöll, A.|author2=Wydra, H.|date=2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781134089086|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCUHwCwLAr8C&pg=PA182|page=182|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google37">{{cite book|title=Constructing and Communicating Europe|author1=Gyarfasova, O.|author2=Liebhart, K.|date=2014|publisher=Lit Verlag|isbn=9783643905154|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBCSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202|page=202|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>