Editing Cockatoo (section)

==Taxonomy==
<div class="noprint">
{{cladogram
|width=350
|cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
   |label1=[[Psittaciformes]]
   |1={{clade 
      |1={{clade 
         |1=[[Strigopidae]] – New Zealand parrots
         }}
      |2={{clade 
         |1='''Cacatuidae''' – cockatoos
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Psittacidae]] – African and New World parrots
            |2=[[Psittaculidae]] – Old World parrots
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
|cladogram2={{clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|1={{clade
   |label1='''Cacatuidae'''
   |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Calyptorhynchus]]'' – black cockatoos (2 species)
         |2=''[[Zanda (bird)|Zanda]]'' –  black cockatoos (3 species)
         }}
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Nymphicus]]'' – cockatiel
      |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Probosciger]]'' – palm cockatoo
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Callocephalon]]'' – gang-gang cockatoo
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Eolophus]]'' – galah
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Lophochroa]]'' – pink cockatoo
                  |2=''[[Cacatua]]'' – white cockatoos and corellas (13 species)
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
}}
|caption=Genus level [[cladogram]] of the cockatoos based on a 2023 molecular phylogenetic study by Brian Smith and collaborators.<ref name=smith>{{Cite journal | last1=Smith | first1=B.T. | last2=Merwin | first2=J. | last3=Provost | first3=K.L. | last4=Thom | first4=G. | last5=Brumfield | first5=R.T. | last6=Ferreira | first6=M. | last7=Mauck | first7=W.M.I. | last8=Moyle | first8=R.G. | last9=Wright | first9=T.F. | last10=Joseph | first10=L. | date=2023 | title=Phylogenomic analysis of the parrots of the world distinguishes artifactual from biological sources of gene tree discordance | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=72 | issue=1 | pages=228–241 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/syac055 | pmid=35916751 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The number of species in each genus is from the list maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), now the [[International Ornithologists' Union]].<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2023 | title=Parrots, cockatoos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref>
}}
</div>
The cockatoos were first defined as a subfamily [[Cacatuinae]] within the parrot family [[Psittacidae]] by English naturalist [[George Robert Gray]] in 1840, with ''Cacatua'' the first listed and type genus.<ref name="Gray1840">{{Cite book|last=Gray|first=George Robert|title=A List of the Genera of Birds, with an indication of the typical species of each genus|publisher=R. & J.E. Taylor|location=London|year=1840|page=53|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668970|access-date=2 November 2009|archive-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401184024/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668970|url-status=live}}</ref> This group has alternately been considered as either a full or subfamily by different authorities. American ornithologist [[James L. Peters|James Lee Peters]] in his 1937 ''Check-list of Birds of the World'' and [[Charles Sibley|Sibley]] and [[Burt Monroe|Monroe]] in 1990 maintained it as a subfamily, while parrot expert [[Joseph Forshaw]] classified it as a family in 1973.<ref>{{harvnb|Christidis|Boles|2008|p=148}}</ref> Subsequent molecular studies indicate that the earliest offshoot from the original parrot ancestors were the [[New Zealand parrot]]s of the family Strigopidae, and following this the cockatoos, now a well-defined group or [[clade]], split off from the remaining parrots, which then radiated across the Southern Hemisphere and diversified into the many species of parrots, [[conure|parakeet]]s, [[macaw]]s, [[lories and lorikeets|lories, lorikeets]], [[lovebird]]s and other [[true parrot]]s of the superfamily [[Psittacoidea]].<ref name="White">{{cite journal|title=The evolutionary history of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|year=2011|volume=59|pages=615–622|author1=Nicole E. White|author2=Matthew J. Phillips|author3=M. Thomas P. Gilbert|author4=Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez|author5=Eske Willerslev|author6=Peter R. Mawson|author7=Peter B.S. Spencer|author8=Michael Bunce|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.011|issue=3|pmid=21419232|bibcode=2011MolPE..59..615W |url=http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4397/1/history_of_cockatoos.pdf|access-date=20 April 2018|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731223649/https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4397/1/history_of_cockatoos.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wright">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wright TF, Schirtzinger EE, Matsumoto T |title=A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=2141–56 |year=2008 |pmid=18653733 |pmc=2727385 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msn160|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="deKloet">{{Cite journal|last=de Kloet|first=RS|author2=de Kloet SR|year=2005|title=The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: Sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=36|pages=706–21|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.013|pmid=16099384|issue=3|bibcode=2005MolPE..36..706D }}</ref><ref name="Tokita">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tokita M, Kiyoshi T, Armstrong KN |title=Evolution of craniofacial novelty in parrots through developmental modularity and heterochrony |journal=Evolution & Development |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=590–601 |year=2007 |pmid=17976055 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00199.x|s2cid=46659963 }}</ref><ref name="astuti2006">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2108/zsj.23.191 |title=Phylogenetic Relationships Within Parrots (Psittacidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial Cytochrome-bGene Sequences |year=2006 |last1=Astuti |first1=Dwi |last2=Azuma |first2=Noriko |last3=Suzuki |first3=Hitoshi |last4=Higashi |first4=Seigo |journal=Zoological Science |volume=23 |pmid=16603811|issue=2|pages=191–8|hdl=2115/54809 |s2cid=35879495 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Christidis1991">{{Cite journal|author=Christidis L|author2=Schodde R|author3=Shaw DD|author4=Maynes SF|year=1991|title=Relationships among the Australo-Papuan parrots, lorikeets, and cockatoos (Aves, Psittaciformes)&nbsp;– protein evidence|journal=Condor|volume=93|pages=302–17|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v093n02/p0302-p0317.pdf|doi=10.2307/1368946|issue=2|jstor=1368946|author2-link=Richard Schodde|access-date=3 March 2013|archive-date=31 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001815/http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v093n02/p0302-p0317.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Schweizer">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schweizer M, Seehausen O, Güntert M, Hertwig ST |title=The evolutionary diversification of parrots supports a taxon pulse model with multiple trans-oceanic dispersal events and local radiations |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=984–994 |year=2010 |pmid=19699808 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.021|s2cid=1831016 }}</ref><ref name="Schweizer2011">{{cite journal|title=Macroevolutionary patterns in the diversification of parrots: effects of climate change, geological events and key innovations|year=2011|author1=Manuel Schweizer|author2=Ole Seehausen|author3=Stefan T. Hertwig|journal=Journal of Biogeography|volume=38|pages=2176–2194|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02555.x|issue=11|bibcode=2011JBiog..38.2176S |s2cid=85625053 |url=https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag%3A8824|access-date=13 July 2019|archive-date=17 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817224720/https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag%3A8824|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Joseph">{{cite journal|title=Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera ''Psittacella'' and ''Pezoporus'' illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)|author1=Leo Joseph |author2=Alicia Toon |author3=Erin E. Schirtzinger |author4=Timothy F. Wright |year=2011|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=59|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017|issue=3|pmid=21453777|bibcode=2011MolPE..59..675J }}</ref>

The relationships among various cockatoo genera are largely resolved,<ref name=White/><ref name="Wright"/><ref name="Tokita"/><ref name=BrownToft>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brown DM, Toft CA |year=1999 |title=Molecular systematics and biogeography of the cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae) |journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]] |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=141–57 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/26031 |doi=10.2307/4089461 |jstor=4089461 |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527205233/https://sora.unm.edu/node/26031 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=astuti2004>{{Cite thesis|last=Astuti|first=D|year=2004|title=A phylogeny of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes) inferred from DNA sequences of the seventh intron of nuclear ''β''-fibrinogen gene|type=PhD|publisher=Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan|url=http://www.ees.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/J/study/17RA/dwi.pdf|access-date=7 April 2009|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001042120/https://www.ees.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/J/study/17RA/dwi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=adams1984>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Adams M, Baverstock PR, Saunders DA, Schodde R, Smith GT|year=1984|title=Biochemical systematics of the Australian cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuinae)|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology |volume=32|issue=3|pages=363–77|doi=10.1071/ZO9840363}}</ref> although the placement of the [[cockatiel]] (''Nymphicus hollandicus'') at the base of the cockatoos remains uncertain. The cockatiel is alternatively placed basal to all other cockatoo species,<ref name=White/><ref name=astuti2004/> as the sister taxon to the black cockatoo species of the genus ''Calyptorhynchus''<ref name="Tokita"/><ref name="BrownToft"/><ref name=adams1984/> or as the sister taxon to a clade consisting of the white and pink cockatoo genera as well as the [[palm cockatoo]].<ref name="Wright"/> The remaining species are within two main clades, one consisting of the black species of the genus ''Calyptorhynchus'' while the other contains the remaining species.<ref name=White/><ref name="Wright"/><ref name="Tokita"/><ref name=astuti2004/><ref name=adams1984/> According to most authorities, the second clade includes the black palm cockatoo (''Probosciger''), the grey and reddish [[galah]] (''Eolophus''), and the [[gang-gang cockatoo]] (''Callocephalon''),<ref name=White/><ref name="Wright"/><ref name="Tokita"/><ref name=astuti2004/> although ''Probosciger'' is sometimes placed basal to all other species.<ref name="BrownToft"/> The remaining species are mainly white or slightly pinkish and all belong to the genus ''Cacatua''.<ref name=White/><ref name="Wright"/><ref name="deKloet"/><ref name="Tokita"/><ref name=astuti2004/> The genera ''Eolophus'' and ''Cacatua'' are [[Leucism|hypomelanistic]]. The genus ''Cacatua'' is further subdivided into the [[subgenus|subgenera]] ''Licmetis'', commonly known as [[Corella (bird)|corellas]], and ''Cacatua'', referred to as white cockatoos.<ref name=White/><ref name=BrownToft/><ref name=astuti2004/><ref name=adams1984/><ref name=CB151>{{harvnb|Christidis|Boles|2008|p=151}}</ref> Confusingly, the term "white cockatoo" has also been applied to the whole genus.<ref name=Forshaw124>{{harvnb|Forshaw|Cooper|1978|p=124}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cayley|Lendon|1973|p=84}}</ref> The five cockatoo species of the genus ''Calyptorhynchus'' are commonly known as black cockatoos,<ref name=CB151/> and are divided into two subgenera—''Calyptorhynchus'' and ''Zanda''. The former group are [[Sexual dimorphism|sexually dichromatic]], with the females having prominently barred plumage.<ref name=CB150>{{harvnb|Christidis|Boles|2008|p=150}}</ref> The two are also distinguished by differences in the [[Begging in animals|food-begging calls]] of juveniles.<ref name="Court96">{{Cite journal|last=Courtney |first=J |year=1996 |title=The juvenile food-begging calls, food-swallowing vocalisation and begging postures in Australian Cockatoos |journal=Australian Bird Watcher |volume=16 |pages=236–49 |issn=0045-0316}}</ref>

The [[fossil]] record of cockatoos is even more limited than that of parrots in general, with only one truly ancient cockatoo fossil known: a species of ''Cacatua'', most probably subgenus ''Licmetis'', found in Early [[Miocene]] (16–23 million [[year]]s ago) deposits of [[Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh)|Riversleigh]], Australia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Boles|first= Walter E|year=1993|title=A new cockatoo (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae) from the Tertiary of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, and an evaluation of rostral characters in the systematics of parrots|journal=[[Ibis (journal)|Ibis]]|volume=135|issue=1|pages=8–18|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1993.tb02804.x}}</ref> Although fragmentary, the remains are similar to the [[western corella]] and the galah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Waterhouse|first=DM|year=2006|title=Parrots in a nutshell: The fossil record of Psittaciformes (Aves)|journal=Historical Biology|volume=18|issue=2|pages=223–34|doi=10.1080/08912960600641224 |bibcode=2006HBio...18..227W |s2cid=83664072}}</ref> In [[Melanesia]], [[subfossil]] bones of ''Cacatua'' species which apparently did not survive early human settlement have been found on [[New Caledonia]] and [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]].<ref name=Steadman06/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Prehistoric birds from New Ireland, Papua New Guinea: Extinctions on a large Melanesian island|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|year=1999| last = Steadman | first = D |author2=White P|author3=Allen J|volume=96|issue=5|pages=2563–68|doi=10.1073/pnas.96.5.2563 |pmid=10051683|pmc=26825|bibcode=1999PNAS...96.2563S|doi-access=free}}</ref> The bearing of these fossils on cockatoo evolution and phylogeny is fairly limited, although the Riversleigh fossil does allow tentative dating of the divergence of subfamilies.

===Genera and species<!-- Parrot links to this heading -->===

[[File:Probosciger aterrimus-20030511.jpg|right|thumb|The [[palm cockatoo]] has a strong bill and red cheeks. At {{convert|55|–|60|cm|abbr=on}} long and weighing {{convert|910|–|1200|g|lb|abbr=on}}, it is the largest cockatoo.<ref name="Forshaw (2006). plate 1.">{{harvnb|Forshaw|2006|p= plate 1}}</ref>|alt=Closeup of head of black-plumaged cockatoo with bare red skin on its face. It has a large beak, which is open with its tongue visible.]]
[[File:Calyptorhynchus latirostris -Taronga Zoo (female)-8a.jpg|right|thumb|[[Carnaby's black cockatoo]] with a zoo keeper at [[Taronga Zoo Sydney]], Australia|alt=A mainly black cockatoo perched on a left hand on a sunny day. The cockatoo has a ring on its right leg. The Sydney Harbour Bridge is in the distance]]
[[File:Cacatua leadbeateri -flying -Australia Zoo-8-2cr.jpg|right|thumb|[[Pink cockatoo]] flying at [[Taronga Zoo Sydney]].|alt=A pink and white coloured cockatoo with a raised crest flying against a background of blue sky]]
There are about 44 different birds in the cockatoo family Cacatuidae including recognized subspecies. The current subdivision of this family is as follows:<small>{{refn|Parentheses around authority name indicate originally in a different genus.|group=Note}}</small>

Subfamily Nymphicinae
* Genus ''Nymphicus''
**[[Cockatiel]], ''Nymphicus hollandicus'' <small>([[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792)</small>
Subfamily Calyptorhynchinae: Black cockatoos
* Genus ''[[Calyptorhynchus]]''&nbsp;– black-and-red cockatoos
**[[Red-tailed black cockatoo]], ''Calyptorhynchus banksii'' <small>([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1790)</small> (5 subspecies)
**[[Glossy black cockatoo]], ''Calyptorhynchus lathami'' <small>([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1807)</small> (3 subspecies)
* Genus ''[[Zanda (bird)|Zanda]]''&nbsp;– black-and-yellow/white cockatoos
**[[Yellow-tailed black cockatoo]], ''Zanda funerea'' <small>([[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw]], 1794)</small> (2–3 subspecies)
**[[Carnaby's black cockatoo]], ''Zanda latirostris'' <small>(Carnaby, 1948)</small>
**[[Baudin's black cockatoo]], ''Zanda baudinii'' <small>([[Edward Lear|Lear]], 1832)</small>

Subfamily [[Cacatuinae]]
*Tribe Microglossini: One genus with one species, the black [[palm cockatoo]].
** Genus ''[[Palm cockatoo|Probosciger]]''
***Palm cockatoo, ''Probosciger aterrimus''<small> ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788)</small> (4 subspecies)
*Tribe [[Cacatuini]]: Four genera of white, pink and grey species.
** Genus ''[[Gang-gang cockatoo|Callocephalon]]''
***[[Gang-gang cockatoo]], ''Callocephalon fimbriatum'' <small>([[James Grant (navigator)|Grant]], 1803)</small>
** Genus ''[[Galah|Eolophus]]''
***[[Galah]], ''Eolophus roseicapilla'' <small>([[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1817)</small> (3 subspecies)
** Genus ''[[Cacatua]]'' (13 species)
*** Subgenus ''[[Cacatua (subgenus)|Cacatua]]''&nbsp;– true white cockatoos
****[[Yellow-crested cockatoo]] or lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo, ''Cacatua sulphurea'' <small>([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788)</small> (5 subspecies)
****[[Citron-crested cockatoo]], ''Cacatua citrinocristata'' <small>([[Louis Fraser|Fraser]], 1844)</small>
****[[Sulphur-crested cockatoo]], ''Cacatua galerita'' <small>([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1790)</small> (4 subspecies)
****[[Blue-eyed cockatoo]], ''Cacatua ophthalmica'' <small>[[Philip Sclater|Sclater]], 1864</small>
****[[White cockatoo]] or umbrella cockatoo, ''Cacatua alba'' <small>([[Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller|Müller]], 1776)</small>
****[[Salmon-crested cockatoo]] or Moluccan cockatoo, ''Cacatua moluccensis'' <small>([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788)</small>
*** Subgenus ''[[Licmetis]]''&nbsp;– corellas
****[[Long-billed corella]], ''Cacatua tenuirostris'' <small>([[Heinrich Kuhl|Kuhl]], 1820)</small>
****[[Western corella]], ''Cacatua pastinator'' <small>([[John Gould|Gould]], 1841)</small> (2 subspecies)
****[[Little corella]] (also bare-eyed cockatoo), ''Cacatua sanguinea'' <small>[[John Gould|Gould]], 1843</small> (4 subspecies)
****[[Tanimbar corella]] or Goffin's cockatoo, ''Cacatua goffiniana'' <small>Roselaar and Michels, 2004</small><ref name="Roselaar">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Roselaar CS, Michels JP|year=2004|title=Systematic notes on Asian birds. 48. Nomenclatural chaos untangled, resulting in the naming of the formally undescribed ''Cacatua'' species from the Tanimbar Islands, Indonesia (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)|journal=Zoologische Verhandelingen|volume=350|pages=183–96|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/43942|access-date=5 December 2009|archive-date=18 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818123322/http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/43942|url-status=live}}</ref>
****[[Solomons cockatoo]] or Ducorps's cockatoo, ''Cacatua ducorpsii'' <small>[[Jacques Pucheran|Pucheran]], 1853</small>
****[[Red-vented cockatoo]] or Philippine cockatoo, ''Cacatua haematuropygia'' <small>([[Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller|Müller]], 1776)</small>
***Subgenus ''[[Lophochroa]]'' – pink cockatoos
****[[Pink cockatoo]] or Major Mitchell's/Leadbeater's cockatoo, ''Cacatua leadbeateri'' <small>([[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1831)</small> (2 subspecies)