Editing Cold fusion (section)

===Early research===
The ability of [[palladium hydride|palladium to absorb hydrogen]] was recognized as early as the nineteenth century by [[Thomas Graham (chemist)|Thomas Graham]].{{sfn|ps=|US DOE|1989|p=7}}<ref>{{Cite journal|title = On the Absorption and Dialytic Separation of Gases by Colloid Septa|journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|date = 1 January 1866|issn = 0261-0523|pages = 399–439|volume = 156|doi = 10.1098/rstl.1866.0018|first = Thomas|last = Graham|doi-access = free}}</ref> In the late 1920s, two Austrian-born scientists, [[Friedrich Paneth]] and [[Kurt Peters (chemist)|Kurt Peters]], originally reported the transformation of hydrogen into helium by nuclear catalysis when hydrogen was absorbed by finely divided palladium at room temperature. However, the authors later retracted that report, saying that the helium they measured was due to background from the air.{{sfn|ps=|US DOE|1989|p=7}}{{sfn|ps=|Paneth|Peters|1926}}

In 1927, Swedish scientist John Tandberg reported that he had fused hydrogen into helium in an [[electrolytic cell]] with palladium electrodes.{{sfn|ps=|US DOE|1989|p=7}} On the basis of his work, he applied for a Swedish patent for "a method to produce helium and useful reaction energy".{{sfn|ps=|US DOE|1989|p=7}} Due to Paneth and Peters's retraction and his inability to explain the physical process, his patent application was denied.{{sfn|ps=|US DOE|1989|p=7}}<ref>[http://www.nyteknik.se/popular_teknik/smatt_gott/article3092779.ece Kall fusion redan på 1920-talet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210020/http://www.nyteknik.se/popular_teknik/smatt_gott/article3092779.ece |date=3 March 2016 }}, Ny Teknik, Kaianders Sempler, 9 February 2011</ref> After [[deuterium]] was discovered in 1932, Tandberg continued his experiments with [[heavy water]].{{sfn|ps=|US DOE|1989|p=7}} The final experiments made by Tandberg with heavy water were similar to the original experiment by Fleischmann and Pons.<ref name="similar_to_tandberg">{{harvnb|Pool|1989}}, {{harvnb|Wilner|1989}}, {{harvnb|Close|1992|pp=19–21}} {{harvnb|Huizenga|1993|pp=13–14, 271}}, {{harvnb|Taubes|1993|p=214}}</ref> Fleischmann and Pons were not aware of Tandberg's work.<ref>{{harvnb|Huizenga|1993|pp=13–14}}</ref><ref group="text" name="tandberg_not_known_by_FP" /><ref group="text" name="tandberg_not_known_by_FP2" />

The term "cold fusion" was used as early as 1956 in an article in ''The New York Times'' about [[Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis Alvarez]]'s work on [[muon-catalyzed fusion]].{{sfn|ps=|Laurence|1956}} [[Paul Palmer (physicist)|Paul Palmer]] and then [[Steven E. Jones|Steven Jones]] of [[Brigham Young University]] used the term "cold fusion" in 1986 in an investigation of "geo-fusion", the possible existence of fusion involving hydrogen isotopes in a [[planetary core]].{{sfn|ps=|Kowalski|2004|loc=II.A2}} In his original paper on this subject with Clinton Van Siclen, submitted in 1985, Jones had coined the term "piezonuclear fusion".{{sfn|ps=|Kowalski|2004|loc=II.A2}}<ref>C. DeW. Van Siclen and S. E. Jones, "Piezonuclear fusion in isotopic hydrogen molecules," J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys. 12: 213–221 (March 1986).</ref>