Editing Collegiate university (section)

==Types of collegiate university==

An early typology of British university institutions by the Principal of the [[University of Edinburgh]] in 1870 divided them into three types: collegiate (Oxford, Cambridge and Durham), professorial (the Scottish universities &ndash; St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh &ndash; and the new colleges in Manchester and London) and non-teaching examination boards (London). However, even at that time drawing hard lines was difficult: Oxford had, until a few years prior to this, been an examination board for its colleges, and Trinity College Dublin combined elements of the collegiate and professorial styles.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Upc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14|page=14|work=Present and Future in Higher Education|publisher=Cambridge University Press|title=The growth of the modern university|author=R. E. Bell|year=1973}}</ref> More recently, the collegiate and federal traditions have been seen as separate in Britain, although both inspired by different aspects of the colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, e.g. "With the partial exception of Durham (and in the twentieth century York, Kent and Lancaster) there has been no serious attempt to create in Britain a collegial tradition in the mode of Oxbridge, but the federal principle has been widely emulated."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrPjAyfdfBMC&pg=PA46|title=Oxford, the Collegiate University: Conflict, Consensus and Continuity|publisher=Springer|author1=Ted Tapper|author2=David Palfreyman|date=3 November 2010|isbn=9789400700475}}</ref> Similarly a conference on ''The Collegiate Way'' in 2014 concentrated entirely on universities with [[residential college]]s (e.g. Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, etc.), making no mention of federal universities.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qllDQAAQBAJ|title=The Collegiate Way: University Education in a Collegiate Context|editor1=H. M. Evans|editor2= T. P. Burt|date=26 October 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789463006811}}</ref> This was in keeping with the idea that "The collegiate way is the notion that a curriculum, a library, a faculty, and students are not enough to make a college. It is an adherence to the residential scheme of things."<ref>{{cite book|author=Frederick Rudolph|work=The American College and University: A History|title=The Collegiate Way|page=87|publisher=University of Georgia Press|date=1962|edition=1990}}</ref>

Yet the federal principle has also been called the "Cambridge principle",<ref name=PT2013>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTwsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|pages=30–31|title=Oxford and the Decline of the Collegiate Tradition|publisher=Routledge|author2=Ted Tapper|author1=David Palfreyman|date=7 March 2013|isbn=9781136225147}}</ref> and is sometimes seen as essential to a collegiate university.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7H_m5ji-IwC&pg=PA67|page=67|title=The Collegial Tradition in the Age of Mass Higher Education |publisher=Springer|author1=Ted Tapper|author2=David Palfreyman|date=20 July 2010|isbn=9789048191543}}</ref> There is also dispute as to what is meant by a federal university: some writers have argued that the distinct feature of a federal system is the separation of teaching and examination, but others see the distinction as being one of governance and distribution of authority.<ref name=PT2013/> A distinction is sometimes made between ''federal universities'', ''collegiate universities'' (where the college is the primary academic unit, i.e. Oxford and Cambridge) and universities that have residential colleges but where these do not participate in teaching.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gahEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|title=The Meanings of Mass Higher Education|author= Peter Scott|page=44|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (UK)|date = 1 October 1995|isbn=9780335232741}}</ref> One definition of a collegiate university states that "it's the sense of community within a big environment that's the common feature".<ref>{{cite news|work=Independent School Parent|publisher=Chelsea Magazine Company|author=Natalie Milner|date=26 April 2016|title=What is a Collegiate University?|access-date=16 September 2017|url=http://www.independentschoolparent.com/school/senior/what-is-a-collegiate-university/#}}</ref>

===Collegiate universities with centralised teaching===
[[File:St johns rear buildings.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Buildings of [[St John's College, Cambridge]]]]

In many collegiate universities, the teaching is centrally organised through departments and faculties on a university-wide basis. The level of participation in teaching of colleges in such universities varies: they may provide no formal teaching (e.g. Durham), may provide some teaching to their own students (the Oxbridge model), may provide some teaching that is available university or faculty-wide (e.g. Toronto), or may be responsible for delivering centrally organised, university-wide teaching (e.g. Roehampton). Whatever their role in teaching, almost all are residential communities and they will often have their own halls for meals, libraries, sports teams and societies; such colleges are thus sometimes termed [[residential college]]s. [[Monash University]] in Australia has, however, developed a non-residential college model, and [[New York University]] has similar "learning communities" to support non-residential students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collegiateway2014.wordpress.com/2014/07/22/should-a-college-be-residential-or-non-residential/|work=Collegiate Way 2014|publisher=Durham University|title=Should a College be Residential or Non-residential?|date=22 July 2014|author=Gay Perez}}</ref> The specifics of how the collegiate system is organised &ndash; whether college membership is necessary for students, whether colleges are legally independent, the role colleges play in admissions, etc. &ndash; vary widely between different universities.

While the ancient universities of Oxford and Cambridge consist of independent colleges that supplement the university's teaching with their own tutorials, some universities have built colleges that do not provide teaching but still perform much of the housing and social duties. Such colleges are planned, built and funded entirely by the central administration and are thus dependent on it, however they still retain their own administrative structures and have a degree of independence. This system was pioneered at [[Durham University]] in the United Kingdom in the 1830s, and has been described as "a far better model for people at other institutions to look to, than are the independent colleges of Oxford and Cambridge".<ref name="O'Hara Durham"/> This has been widely followed in the US, where the colleges at universities such as Harvard, Yale and Princeton are entirely owned by the central university. Some universities, such as the [[University of Otago]] in New Zealand, [[Durham University]] in the UK and the [[University of Pavia]] in Italy have a mix of independent and university-owned (or, in the case of Pavia, state-owned) colleges.

In many collegiate universities, following the pattern of Oxford and Cambridge, membership of a college is obligatory for students, but in others it is either not necessary or only necessary for students in particular faculties, e.g. at the University of Toronto, where the colleges are all associated with the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.utoronto.ca/academics/academic-units|title=Academic Units|publisher=University of Toronto|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref>

===Non-centralised teaching collegiate universities===
{{Gallery
|title=The two founding colleges of the federal [[University of London]]
|align=right
|File:Strand102.jpg
|[[King's College London]]
|File:UCL Portico Building.jpg
|[[University College London]]
}}

Sometimes, as noted above, referred to as ''federal universities'', these are universities where the teaching function is entirely carried out by constituent colleges, which will often have their own faculties and departments. This is represented by examples such as Oxford and Cambridge up to the mid 19th century, the University of Wales from 1893 to 2007, and the University of London from 1900. The level of legal separation &ndash; e.g. whether the colleges are separate corporate bodies &ndash; varies between universities. As the colleges are primarily teaching institutions, they may not always be residential communities and many are effectively universities in their own right.

Some colleges are part of loose federations that allow them to exercise nearly complete self-governance, and even (as in the case of colleges of the [[University of London]]) award their own degrees. Other colleges are not legally separate from their parent university, e.g. the [[University of the Arts, London]] (UAL) in the UK and many [[state university system]]s in the US. In some US state systems, a "[[Flagship#University|flagship campus]]" may be identified &ndash; often the original campus of the system &ndash; which is considered (either officially or informally) to stand above the other campuses in the system (e.g. [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], [[University of Colorado Boulder]]).

Some universities may have centralised teaching but also have colleges that do not access that centralised teaching. Historically, this was the case at [[Durham University]] for the medical school and Armstrong College in the late 19th and early 20th century (prior to the formation of a true federal university in 1908) and for University College Stockton from 1994 to 2001. The two colleges of [[Queen's University Belfast]], which is for the main part a unitary university, currently operate in this manner. This should not be confused with the situation where courses at an independent college are validated by a university but the college does not become part of that university, e.g. the relationship between the [[New College of the Humanities]] and [[Southampton Solent University]] from 2015 to 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/southampton-solent-validate-%C2%A318k-new-college-humanities-degrees|title=Southampton Solent to validate £18K New College of the Humanities degrees: A. C. Grayling's 'Oxbridge-style' private college strikes agreement with post-92 institution|work=[[Times Higher Education]]|date=30 July 2015|access-date=20 August 2017|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103143416/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/southampton-solent-validate-%C2%A318k-new-college-humanities-degrees|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Over time, the level of federation may evolve, particularly as independent colleges grow and seek to establish themselves as universities in their own right. [[University College London]] and [[King's College London]] were for much of the 20th century dependent colleges of the central university, without separate legal identities, and all London colleges received funds through the University of London rather than directly. The trend since the latter half of the 20th century has been for increased decentralisation; taken to its ultimate, this has led some colleges to formally end their relations with the parent university to become degree-awarding universities. Examples include [[Cardiff University]] (formerly the [[University of Wales, Cardiff]]) and [[Imperial College London]] (formerly a college of the University of London). Similarly [[Newcastle University]] was part of the federal [[University of Durham]] until 1963 and the [[University of Dundee]] was a college of the [[University of St Andrews]] until 1967. A number of autonomous universities in [[South Africa]] were formerly colleges of the [[University of South Africa]]. Many of the US state systems started as single campuses but have evolved to become federal systems, and the [[University of the Philippines]] similarly started as one campus but is now a system of "constituent universities".