Editing Coloureds (section)

===South Africa===
South Africa is known as a '[[Rainbow nation]]' because of its diverse cultures, tribes, races, religions and nationalities.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://henristeenkamp.org/whats-in-a-name-the-story-behind-the-rainbow-nation/ | title=What's in a Name? The Story Behind the Rainbow Nation {{pipe}} Henri Steenkamp | date=26 January 2017 }}</ref> As a result of this diversity, Coloured people in South Africa have different ancestries as they come from different regions in the country that have different ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://onomajournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Onoma-55-1.12-Neethling-final-web-August.pdf |journal=Onoma |volume=55 |last=Neethling |first=Bertie |year=2020 |title=The so-called Coloured people of South Africa: Modern anthroponymic reconstruction? |pages=229–246 |doi=10.34158/ONOMA.55/2020/13}}</ref>

====Dutch Cape Colony/Cape Colony/Cape Province====
{{Main|Cape Coloured}}

The first and the largest phase of [[interracial marriages]]/[[Miscegenation]] in South Africa happened in the [[Dutch Cape Colony]] and the rest of the [[Cape Colony]] which began from the 17th century, shortly after the arrival of Dutch settlers, who were led by [[Jan van Riebeeck]], through the [[Dutch East India Company]] (also known as the 'VOC').<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4390778 | jstor=4390778 | title=Miscegenation in South Africa | last1=Van Den Berghe | first1=Pierre L. | journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines | date=1960 | volume=1 | issue=4 | pages=68–84 | doi=10.3406/cea.1960.3680 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> When the Dutch settled in the Cape in 1652, they met the [[Khoi Khoi]] who were the natives of the area.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/who-are-the-cape-coloureds-of-south-africa | title=Who are the Cape Coloureds of South Africa? }}</ref> After settling in the Cape, the Dutch established farms that required intensive labour, therefore, they enforced [[Slavery in South Africa|slavery in the Cape]]. Some of the [[Khoi Khoi]] became labourers for the Dutch farmers in the Cape. Despite this, there was resistance by the Khoi Khoi, which led to the [[Khoikhoi-Dutch Wars]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.africarebirth.com/how-indigenous-south-africans-resisted-the-first-european-intruders/ | title=How Indigenous South Africans Resisted the First European Intruders | date=24 October 2023 }}</ref>

As a result, the Dutch imported slaves from other parts of the world, especially the [[Malay people]] from present-day Indonesia and the [[Bantu peoples|Bantu people]] from various parts of [[Southern Africa]].<ref name="The Early Cape Slave Trade {{pipe}} S">{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/early-cape-slave-trade | title=The Early Cape Slave Trade {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref> To a certain extent, slaves were also imported from Malaysia, Sri Lanka, India, Madagascar, Mauritius and elsewhere in Africa.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/how-unique-was-slavery-cape | title=How Unique was Slavery at the Cape? {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref> The slaves were almost invariably given Christian names but their places of origin were indicated in the records of sales and other documents, so that it is possible to estimate the ratio of slaves from different regions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/first-slaves-cape | title=The First Slaves at the Cape {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref> Often, slaves were given their masters' surnames, surnames that were of biblical origin (e.g. Adams, Thomas, Jacobs, Matthews, Peters, Daniels) or surnames that reflected the month in which they arrived (e.g. September, March, October, April).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bPuGewLPUE | title=I'm Not Black, I'm Coloured - South Africa (2009) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=6 April 2024 }}</ref> These slaves were, however, dispersed and lost their cultural identity over the course of time.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-slavery-and-early-colonisation-south-africa | title=History of slavery and early colonisation in South Africa {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref>

Because most of the Dutch settlers in the Cape were men, many of them married and fathered the first group of mixed-race children with Khoi Khoi women.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://yris.yira.org/winter-issue/lost-and-found-in-cape-town-the-linguistic-construction-of-coloured-identity/ | title=Lost and Found in Cape Town: The Linguistic Construction of Coloured Identity - the Yale Review of International Studies | date=25 January 2021 }}</ref> Soon after the arrival of slaves in the Cape, the Dutch men also married and fathered mixed race children with the [[Malay Indonesians|Malay]] from Indonesia, the Southern African Bantu, Indians and other enslaved ethnic groups in the Cape.<ref name="study.com">https://study.com/academy/lesson/cape-coloureds-origins-culture.html?msockid=31e14f9a4e30671f2e725b284f306666</ref> To a certain extent, the slaves in the Cape also had interracial unions with each other and mixed-race children were also conceived from these unions as well because the slaves were of different races ([[Demographics of Africa|African]] and [[Asian people|Asian]]).<ref name="study.com"/>  Unlike the [[One-drop rule]] in the US, mixed-race children in the Cape were not viewed as "white enough to be white", "black enough to be black" nor "Asian enough to be Asian", therefore, mixed race children from all these interracial unions in the Cape grew up and married amongst themselves, forming their own community that would later be known as the "[[Cape Coloured]]".<ref name="aaregistry.org">{{cite web | url=https://aaregistry.org/story/the-coloured-communities-of-southern-africa-a-story/ | title=The Coloured Communities of Southern Africa, a story }}</ref>

[[File:Krotoa.webp|thumb|[[Krotoa]], a Khoi Khoi woman who was the first indigenous person in South Africa to have an official interracial marriage]]

The first interracial marriage in the Cape was between [[Krotoa]] (a Khoi Khoi woman who was a servant, a translator and a crucial negotiator between the Dutch and the Khoi Khoi. Her Dutch name was "Eva Van Meerhof") and [[Peter Havgard]] (a Danish surgeon whom the Dutch renamed as "Pieter Van Meerhof").<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/krotoa-eva | title=Krotoa (Eva) {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref> Having conceived 3 mixed-race children, Krotoa was known as the mother that gave birth to the Coloured community in South Africa.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://humanities.uct.ac.za/apc/love-time-imperialism-krotoa-eva-van-meerhof | title=Love in the time of imperialism: Krotoa 'Eva' van Meerhof {{pipe}} University of Cape Town }}</ref>

Eventually, more Dutch people settled in the Cape, amongst them were the Van Wijk family (whose descendants became 'Van Wyk') who arrived in the Cape in 1686 and the Erasmus family that arrived in 1689.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sahistory.org.za/article/dutch-settlement | title=The Dutch Settlement {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref><ref>https://www.candlewoodsvenue.co.za/images/CandlewoodsHistory.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://familyvanwyk.blogspot.com/2007/04/history-of-van-wyk-family-name.html | title=Van Wyk Family: History of the van Wyk Family Name | date=24 April 2007 }}</ref>

The [[Huguenots]] (also known as 'French Huguenots') were French Protestants who escaped from the banishment and persecution of Protestants in France and many of them immigrated to the Dutch Cape Colony to seek refuge amongst the existing Dutch community during the late 1600s and early 1700s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://huguenotsociety.org.za/history-of-the-huguenots/ | title=The Huguenot History }}</ref><ref>https://huguenotsociety.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/HUGUENOT_SOCIETY-SA_History.pdf</ref> Despite being refugees, they played a huge role on the history of the current [[Afrikaans|Afrikaans-speaking community]], the Cape region as a whole and the rest of South Africa. Coming from a country that has a rich history of wine production, these [[Huguenots in South Africa|French refugees]] pioneered the vineyards of the Cape Winelands, turning it into one of the biggest wine producers in the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://southafrica.co.za/french-huguenots.html | title=The French Huguenots - Franschhoek, South Africa }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/biggest-wine-producers-by-country/ | title=Ranked: World's Biggest Wine Producers by Country | date=18 August 2023 }}</ref> Although many Huguenots who arrived in the Cape were already married, their children and descendants were soon absorbed into the entire Cape society and after few generations, they spoke [[Dutch language|Dutch]], not [[French language|French]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/first-large-group-french-huguenots-arrive-cape | title=The first large group of French Huguenots arrive at the Cape {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref> Just like many White-Afrikaans speakers, many Coloured-Afrikaans speakers also have some ancestry from France due to the Huguenots who integrated with the Dutch and other ethnic groups in the Cape region.<ref name="ReferenceB">https://www.academia.edu/109760433/Encounter_at_the_Cape_French_Huguenots_the_Khoi_and_Other_People_of_Color</ref> Through the impact of the Huguenots in the Cape, French names and the French version of other names became very popular within the Afrikaans-speaking community (both White and Coloured) e.g. Jacques, Cheryl, Elaine, André, Michelle, Louis, Chantel/Chantelle, Leon, François, Jaden, Rozanne, Leroy, Monique, René, Lionel.<ref>https://listophile.com/names/nationality/french/</ref><ref name="ReferenceB"/> Due to integration with the Dutch and other ethnic groups in the Cape, there are many Afrikaans surnames of French origin e.g. [[Leroux (surname)|Le Roux]], [[De Villiers]], [[Joubert]], [[Marais (surname)|Marais]], [[Du Plessis]], [[Visagie]], [[Pienaar]], De Klerk(from 'Le Clerc'), [[Fourie]], Theron, [[Cronje]], [[Viljoen]] (from 'Villion'), [[Du Toit]], [[Reyneke]], Malan, [[Naude]], [[Terblanche]], [[De Lille]], Fouche, [[Minnaar]], [[Blignaut]], [[Retief]], [[Boshoff]], [[Rossouw]], [[Olivier]] and [[Cilliers]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oocities.org/hugenoteblad/surname.htm?202523 | title=Huguenot surnames which exist in South Africa }}</ref>

During the 1600s and the 1700s, Germany was the Netherlands' biggest trading partner in Europe and due to their good relations, hundreds of thousands of Germans were recruited by the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] making Germans the largest foreign Europeans in the Dutch empire.<ref name="ghil.hypotheses.org">{{cite web | url=https://ghil.hypotheses.org/23 | doi=10.58079/p1pg | date=2020 | last1=Olga Witmer | title=Germans, the Dutch East India Company, and Early Colonial South Africa }}</ref> Throughout the Dutch rule, the VOC sent nearly 15 000 Germans to the Dutch Cape Colony to work as officials, sailors, administrators and soldiers.<ref name="ghil.hypotheses.org"/> Just like the French Huguenots, the Germans in the Dutch Cape Colony were also assimilated into the existing Dutch community and they also learnt Dutch which replaced [[German language|German]].<ref>https://www.cdbooks-r-us.com/supportdocs/personaliapreface.pdf</ref> Eventually, Germans in the Cape became farmers, teachers, traders and ministers.<ref name="ghil.hypotheses.org"/> Almost all Germans who settled in the Cape throughout the Dutch rule were men and therefore, almost all German men in the Cape married women outside their culture (especially African and Asian women).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://safrika.org/Personalia_en.html | title=German Immigrants to the Cape Colony under the Dutch 1652-1806 }}</ref><ref name="ghil.hypotheses.org"/> Due to integration with the Dutch and other ethnic groups in the Cape, there are many Afrikaans surnames of German origin e.g. [[Botha]], [[Grobler]], [[Hartzenberg]], [[Pretorius]], [[Booysen]], [[Steenkamp]], [[Kruger]] (from '[[Krüger]]'), [[Louw]], [[Venter]], [[Cloete (surname)|Cloete]], [[Schoeman]], [[Mulder]], [[Kriel]], [[Meyer (surname)|Meyer]], [[Breytenbach]], [[Engelbrecht]], [[Potgieter]], [[Muller]], Maritz, [[Liebenberg]], [[Fleischmann (surname)|Fleischman]], [[Weimers]], and [[Schuster]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://afrikanerway.wordpress.com/2013/11/17/german-influence-on-boer-afrikaner-people/#:~:text=Some%20of%20the%20most%20common%20Afrikaner%20surnames%20are,Muller%20%28M%C3%BCller%29%2C%20Meyer%2C%20Potgieter%2C%20Schoeman%20%28Schuman%29%20or%20Liebenberg | title=German influence on Boer-Afrikaner people | date=17 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://venere.it/en/the-meaning-and-history-of-the-last-name-grobler | title=The meaning and history of the last name Grobler | date=31 July 2024 }}</ref> Some few Portuguese people also settled in the Cape and were integrated into the Cape society, which is how the Portuguese surname '[[Ferreira (surname)|Ferreira]]' ended up being an Afrikaans surname as well.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.baviaans.net/articles/the_ferreira_family_in_sa | title=The Ferreira Family in SA }}</ref>

With the arrival of more Europeans (as mentioned above), more African and Asian slaves and the recruitment of more Khoi Khoi labourers in the Cape Colony, there were more interracial unions with more mixed-race children who were absorbed into the Cape Coloured community.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-cape-coloureds-are-a-mix-of-everything | title=The Cape Coloureds are a mix of everything }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://safrika.org/Personalia_en.html | title=German Immigrants to the Cape Colony under the Dutch 1652-1806 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/the-huguenots-in-south-africa/ | title=The Huguenots in South Africa }}</ref> The recruitment of Khoi Khoi labourers and the importation of African and Asian slaves continued until the Cape fell under British rule in the early 1800s and eventually, these slaves and labourers were absorbed into the Cape Coloured community.<ref name="The Early Cape Slave Trade {{pipe}} S"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.studocu.com/en-za/document/university-of-johannesburg/historical-studies-1b/khoikhoi-dutch-relations/62351724 | title=Khoikhoi -Dutch relations - Aboriginal Khoikhoi Servants and Their Masters in Colonial Swellendam, - Studocu }}</ref>

The predominant Asian slaves in the Cape were the [[Malay race|Malays]] who came from Indonesia while some also came from [[Malaysian Malays|Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://henristeenkamp.org/south-africas-forgotten-minority-cape-malays/ | title=South Africa's Forgotten Minority: The Cape Malays - Henri Steenkamp | date=10 February 2017 }}</ref> Because Indonesia and Malaysia are both predominantly Muslim-states, the slaves who were taken from these 2 countries were the ones who introduced Islam in the Dutch Cape Colony, which became the 2nd largest religion amongst Cape Coloureds, after Christianity.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/history-muslims-south-africa-1700-1799-ebrahim-mahomed-mahida | title=History of Muslims in South Africa: 1700 - 1799 by Ebrahim Mahomed Mahida {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref> Many Malays were also sent to the Dutch Cape Colony as exiled prisoners who ended up as slaves as a punishment for rebelling against Dutch rule in Indonesia (which was then called the [[Dutch East Indies]]).<ref name="The Cape Malay {{pipe}} South African">{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/cape-malay | title=The Cape Malay {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref> Although most Malays in the Dutch Cape Colony were interracially absorbed into the Cape Coloured community, a small minority of them preserved their own community and culture, therefore, they became known as the '[[Cape Malay]]'.<ref name="The Cape Malay {{pipe}} South African"/> Eventually, other Muslims(especially Indian slaves and merchants from the Middle East and North Africa) were absorbed into the Cape Malay community.<ref>https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/cape-malay</ref> However, during [[Apartheid]], the Cape Malays were classified as a sub-group of 'Coloureds' due to similar ancestry with the Cape Coloureds and because South Africa's population was grouped into four races under the [[Population Registration Act, 1950]]: [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black]], [[White South Africans|White]], Coloured and [[Indian South Africans|Indian]].<ref name="journals.co.za">{{doi|10.10520/AJA10231757_695}}</ref> Therefore, many Cape Malays were forced to live in Coloured communities during Apartheid.<ref name="journals.co.za"/>

During the 17th century (in this case, from 1652 to 1700), the Dutch Cape Colony consisted only of present-day [[Cape Town]] with its surrounding areas (such as [[Paarl]], [[Stellenbosch]], [[Franschhoek]] etc.).<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23232400 | jstor=23232400 | title=The Making of Two Frontier Communities: Cape Colony in the Eighteenth Century | last1=Guelke | first1=Leonard | journal=Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques | date=1985 | volume=12 | issue=3 | pages=419–448 }}</ref> From the 18th century until the formation of the [[Union of South Africa]] in 1910, the territory of the Cape expanded gradually to the north and east.<ref name="sahistory.org.za">{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/cape-northern-frontier | title=The Cape Northern Frontier {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref> The expansion of the Dutch Cape Colony was mainly caused by the dry and infertile nature of its immediate interior, therefore farmers needed fertile land because farms could only be settled where there were springs to provide permanent water.<ref name="sahistory.org.za"/> However, the expansion was also influenced by emigration of the [[Trekboers]], who left the Dutch Cape Colony and migrated into the [[Karoo]] during the 18th century and due to British rule during the 19th century.<ref>https://open.uct.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/6237124e-c438-4a5f-9990-3c611efae274/content</ref> By the 1750s, the territory of the Dutch Cape Colony had reached present-day [[Swellendam]] and by the end of the Dutch rule (after British annexation in 1814), the territory of the Cape had already reached certain parts of present-day [[Eastern Cape]] and the [[Northern Cape]], leading to the arrival of Afrikaners/Boers with their multiracial slaves in different parts of the Cape.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/political-changes-1750-1820 | title=Political changes from 1750 to 1820 {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref> When the Cape fell under British rule during the 19th century, it continued to expand until it reached the border with other colonies and with the [[Boer republics]]. With the gradual expansion of the Cape, the migration of the trekboer, the migration of Afrikaners/Boers with their multiracial slaves and the additional arrival of various European nationalities (such as the British, Irish etc.), there were more interracial unions throughout the [[Cape Colony|Cape]]: this time between the white and the [[Khoisan]]s in present-day [[Northern Cape]], and between the white and the [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] in present-day [[Eastern Cape]], with more mixed race children being conceived, who also became part of the Cape Coloureds.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Southern-Africa/European-and-African-interaction-in-the-19th-century | title=Southern Africa - European and African interaction in the 19th century {{pipe}} Britannica }}</ref>

Miscegenation in the eastern part of the Cape (which is now the '[[Eastern Cape]]') dates to the late 1600s which began as a result of the shipwrecks.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://camissapeople.wordpress.com/7-steps-of-cape-identity/ | title=Cape Identity | date=19 May 2013 }}</ref> The [[Wild Coast Region, Eastern Cape|Wild Coast Region]] of the Eastern Cape (which stretches from the provincial border with Natal to [[East London, South Africa|East London]] and [[Port Alfred]]) is named after its wilderness and the stormy seas that caused thousands of shipwrecks, especially during the 1700s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wildcoast.co.za/ships-wrecked | title=Ships wrecked {{pipe}} Wild Coast }}</ref> Survivors of the shipwrecks (most of whom were Europeans while some were Asians) settled on the Wild Coast. Having no means to return home, most survivors remained permanently in the Eastern Cape and mixed with the Xhosa.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scrolla.africa/bessie-the-white-queen-of-the-mpondo-of-the-eastern-cape/ | title=Bessie, the white queen of the Mpondo of the Eastern Cape | date=18 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://aiart.africa/index.php/component/content/article/abelungu-a-xhosa-clan-that-raised-a-shipwrecked-white-child-into-a-xhosa-leader?catid=9&Itemid=259 | title=Abelungu - A Xhosa clan that raised a shipwrecked white child into a Xhosa leader }}</ref> Within the same period, many escaped slaves from the Dutch Cape Colony found refuge amongst the Xhosa, then they were assimilated into Xhosa society, and then they were soon followed by the [[Trekboers]] who were on their way to the [[Karoo]], while some of them settled in the Eastern Cape where they mixed with the Xhosa and the Khoi Khoi. The most notorious Trekboer to do so was [[Coenraad de Buys|Coenraad De Buys]], who fathered many mixed race children with his many African wives (who were Khoi Khoi and Xhosa) and one of them was Chief Ngqika's mother, Yese, wife of Mlawu kaRarabe.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://debuys.blogspot.com/2011/02/who-was-coenraad-de-buys.html | title=De Buys Genealogy: Who was Coenraad de Buys? | date=3 February 2011 }}</ref> During the last years of Dutch rule, the territory of the Dutch Cape Colony had reached the Western portion of the Eastern Cape, especially in the [[Graaff-Reinet]] region which led to the arrival of Boers/Afrikaners with their multiracial slaves.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/political-changes-1750-1820 | title=Political changes from 1750 to 1820 {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/graaff-reinet | title=Graaff-Reinet {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref> Miscegenation in the Eastern Cape continued during the 1800s until the early 1900s with the arrival of British, Irish and German settlers, many of whom mixed with the Xhosa and eventually multiracial people in the Eastern Cape also became part of the Cape Coloured.<ref name="britannica.com"/>

In the Northern region of the Cape (which is now the '[[Northern Cape]]'), miscegenation began in the 1700s, shortly after the arrival of the [[Trekboers]] that left the Dutch Cape Colony (fleeing from autocratic rule) and many settled in the [[Karoo]] while some settled in [[Namaqualand]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://southafrica.co.za/trekboers-richtersveld.html | title=Trekboers of the Richtersveld }}</ref> Some Trekboers even went as far as the [[Orange River]] and beyond to the Southern part of the [[Kalahari]] and in all these areas, they met the [[Khoisan]]s(the [[San people|San]] and the [[Khoekhoe|Khoi Khoi]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.weskusontheline.co.za/2024/10/04/the-forgotten-highway-ancestral-journeys/ | title=The Forgotten Highway – Ancestral Journeys – First with the News | date=4 October 2024 }}</ref> To survive in this hot and dry region, the Trekboers adopted the nomadic lifestyle of the Khoisans and some even mixed with the Khoisans.<ref>https://acearchive.org/trekboers</ref> During the last years of Dutch rule, the territory of the Dutch Cape Colony had reached the Southern portion of the Northern Cape, leading to the arrival of Boers/Afrikaners with their multiracial slaves.<ref name="sahistory.org.za"/> In the early 1800s, the [[Griqua people]] left the Dutch Cape Colony and half of them migrated to the North of the Karoo where they established a Griqua state called '[[Griqualand West]]'.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/griqualand-west | title=Griqualand West {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref> Then the [[Basters]], [[Oorlam people|Oorlams]] and some Cape Coloureds migrated to the North as well and some of them even went as far as present-day [[Namibia]].<ref name="camissamuseum.co.za">{{cite web | url=https://camissamuseum.co.za/index.php/7-tributaries/5-maroons-orlam-drosters | title=5: Maroons, Orlam & Drosters - Camissa Museum }}</ref> In the latter half of the 1800s, large sums of diamond, Uranium, Copper and Iron ore were discovered in the Northern Cape which attracted many Europeans, many of whom mixed with the San, Khoi khoi, Tswana in the North-East and the Xhosa in the South-East and then multiracial people in the Northern Cape also became part of the Cape Coloured.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/republic-griqualand-west-or-diggers-republic | title=Republic of Griqualand West or the Digger's Republic {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pure.uj.ac.za/en/publications/history-of-the-okiep-copper-district-namaqualand-northern-cape-pr | title=History of the Okiep copper district, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa | journal=Mineralogical Record | date=July 2004 | volume=35 | issue=4 | pages=289–317 | last1=Cairncross | first1=Bruce }}</ref><ref name="camissamuseum.co.za"/>

After British annexation in 1814, slavery was abolished in the Cape in 1834, which lead to the [[Great Trek]] when the [[Boers]] left the Cape as [[Voortrekkers]] and migrated into the interior of South Africa to form the [[Boer republics]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/slavery-abolished-cape#:~:text=On%201%20December%201834%2C%20slavery%20came%20to%20an,of%20Commons%20and%20by%20the%20House%20of%20Lords | title=Slavery is abolished at the Cape {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref> Most of the freed slaves (who became Cape Coloureds) remained behind. Many freed slaves moved to an area in Cape Town that became known as [[District Six]]. Throughout the 1800s (especially after the abolishment of slavery in 1834) and the early 1900s, the Cape received an influx of refugees, immigrants and indentured labourers from:
Britain, Ireland, Germany, Lithuania, St Helena, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, India, Middle East, West Africa, North Africa and East Africa(majority of all these groups were absorbed into the Cape Coloured community).<ref name="academia.edu">{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/38523613 | title=CAMISSA HERITAGE - Origin and History of South African Cape Coloured People | last1=Skies | first1=Infinite }}</ref><ref>https://vilnews.com/2011-01-south-africa</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357167610_History_of_the_German_Settlers_in_the_Eastern_Cape</ref>

[[File:Felix_Florez.jpg|thumb|Felix Florez, a Filipino man in kalk Bay in 1863]]

In the 1800s, the Philippines, at the time a Spanish colony, experienced a harsh rebellion against Spanish colonial rule, so many Filipinos fled to different parts of the world. In the late 1830s, the first Filipinos to arrive in the Cape settled in [[Kalk Bay|Kalk Bay, Cape Town]] where they fished for a living and then Kalk Bay became their new home.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theheritageportal.co.za/notice/history-filipino-community-recognized-kalk-bay | title=History of Filipino community recognized in Kalk Bay! {{pipe}} the Heritage Portal }}</ref> When word reached the Philippines, many more Filipinos flocked to Kalk Bay, and they were soon scattered throughout Cape Town and other parts of the region that is now the [[Western Cape]], where most of them were eventually absorbed into the Cape Coloured community.<ref>https://www.kbha.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Bulletin-Number-1.pdf</ref> As a result, many Cape Coloureds can trace some of their roots to the Philippines due to the Filipinos of Kalk Bay.<ref name="academia.edu"/> Many Filipinos who settled in the Cape were also [[Filipino Mestizos|mixed]] with some Spanish ancestry as a result of the Spaniards who mixed with the indigenous people of the Philippines while some were simply [[Spanish Filipinos]] of Spanish descent, therefore, some Cape Coloureds can also trace some of their roots to Spain due to the Filipinos of Kalk Bay.<ref name="academia.edu"/> Within the Cape Coloured community, surnames from the Filipinos of Kalk Bay (which are mostly Spanish surnames that the Filipinos got from the Spaniards) are Gomez, Pascal, Torrez, De La Cruz, Fernandez, Florez(also spelt as 'Floris'), Manuel, and Garcia.<ref name="academia.edu"/>

In 1888, Oromo slave children from Ethiopia (who were headed for Arabia) were rescued and freed by British troops.<ref name="theconversation.com">{{cite web | url=https://theconversation.com/the-story-of-oromo-slaves-bound-for-arabia-who-were-brought-to-south-africa-116607 | title=The story of Oromo slaves bound for Arabia who were brought to South Africa | date=9 May 2019 }}</ref> In 1890, the British troops brought these freed Oromo slaves to [[Lovedale Mission]] in present-day Eastern Cape where many of them became part of the Cape Coloured.<ref name="theconversation.com"/> The late [[Neville Alexander|Dr Neville Alexander's]] grandmother, Bisho Jarsa, was a freed Oromo slave from Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-neville-edward-alexander | title=Dr. Neville Edward Alexander {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref>

By the turn of the 20th century, District six became more established and cosmopolitan. Although its population was predominantly Cape Coloured, District Six (just like many places in the Cape) was diverse with different ethnicities, races and nationalities living there (this includes Blacks, Whites, Jews, Cape Malays and Asian immigrants such as the Indians, Chinese, Japanese etc.)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://martinplaut.com/2021/02/14/why-cape-towns-district-six-devastated-so-many-years-ago-is-still-vital/ | title=Why Cape Town's District Six – devastated so many years ago – is still vital | date=14 February 2021 }}</ref> Many of these groups were absorbed into the Cape coloured community.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bokaap.org/district-six-exploring-the-rich-history-of-cape-towns-iconic-neighbourhood/ | title=District Six: Exploring the Rich History of Cape Town's Iconic Neighbourhood | date=12 April 2023 }}</ref> The whole Cape Colony (including the Eastern Cape and the Northern Cape) also attracted many European immigrants of various nationalities(including Scandinavians, Portuguese, Greeks, Italians etc.), many of whom married into the Cape Coloured community while some mixed with other ethnic groups, whose children got absorbed into the Cape Coloured community, further diversifying the ancestry of Cape Coloureds.<ref name="study.com"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.geni.com/projects/South-African-Settlers-Nordic/9739 | title=South African Settlers - Nordic genealogy project }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://italyincapetown.co.za/italians-in-south-africa-1800/ | title=Italians in South Africa 1800 - Italy in Cape Town | date=12 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>https://greekreporter.com/2023/06/08/the-turbulent-story-of-greeks-in-south-africa/</ref>

During the 20th century (under British rule from 1910 to 1948 and Apartheid regime from 1948 to 1994), many [[Khoisan]]s living in the [[Cape Province]] were assimilated into the Cape Coloured community, especially in the North of the Cape(now the '[[Northern Cape]]').<ref>https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/khoisan-identity</ref> As a result, many Cape Coloureds, especially from the Northern Cape, share close ties with the San and the Khoi Khoi, especially those living in the Namaqualand region, around the Orange river and the Kalahari region.<ref>https://www.ncesc.com/geographic-faq/are-there-still-khoisan-people-in-south-africa/</ref> 
 
As a result, the Cape Coloureds have the most diverse ancestry in the world with a blend of many different ancestries.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00439-010-0836-1 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44618878 |title=Genome-wide analysis of the structure of the South African Coloured Population in the Western Cape |date=2010 |last1=De Wit |first1=Erika |last2=Delport |first2=Wayne |last3=Rugamika |first3=Chimusa E. |last4=Meintjes |first4=Ayton |last5=Möller |first5=Marlo |last6=Van Helden |first6=Paul D. |last7=Seoighe |first7=Cathal |last8=Hoal |first8=Eileen G. |journal=Human Genetics |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=145–153 |pmid=20490549 }}</ref> However, not every Cape Coloured has the same ancestry. At least one genetic study indicates that most Cape Coloureds have ancestries from the following ethnic groups:<ref>{{cite journal|title=Genome-wide analysis of the structure of the South African Coloured Population in the Western Cape|journal=Human Genetics|date=August 2010|pmid=20490549|doi=10.1007/s00439-010-0836-1|volume=128|issue=2|pages=145–53|last1 = de Wit|first1 = E|last2 = Delport|first2 = W|last3 = Rugamika|first3 = CE|last4 = Meintjes|first4 = A|last5 = Möller|first5 = M|last6 = van Helden|first6 = PD|last7 = Seoighe|first7 = C|last8 = Hoal|first8 = EG|s2cid=24696284|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pfennig |first1=Aaron |last2=Petersen |first2=Lindsay N |last3=Kachambwa |first3=Paidamoyo |last4=Lachance |first4=Joseph |date=2023-04-06 |editor-last=Eyre-Walker |editor-first=Adam |title=Evolutionary Genetics and Admixture in African Populations |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evad054 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=10118306 |pmid=36987563}}</ref>
* African ([[Khoisan]]): ~ 25,3%
* Europeans: 39,3%
* African ([[Bantu peoples|Bantu]]): ~ 15,5%
* Peoples from [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]: 19,9%<ref name="ReferenceC">Petersen DC, Libiger O, Tindall EA, Hardie RA, Hannick LI, Glashoff RH, Mukerji M; Indian Genome Variation Consortium; Fernandez P, Haacke W, Schork NJ, Hayes VM. Complex patterns of genomic admixture within southern Africa. PLoS Genet. 2013;9(3):e1003309. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003309. Epub 2013 Mar 14. PMID 23516368; PMCID: PMC3597481.</ref><ref name="cell.com">{{cite journal |last1=Quintana-Murci |first1=L |last2=Harmant |first2=C |last3=H |first3=Quach |last4=Balanovsky |first4=O |last5=Zaporozhchenko |first5=V |last6=Bormans |first6=C |last7=van Helden |first7=PD |display-authors=etal |year=2010 |title=Strong maternal Khoisan contribution to the South African coloured population: a case of gender-biased admixture |url= |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=611–620 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.014 |pmc=2850426 |pmid=20346436}}</ref><ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com">{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=CM |last2=Naidoo |first2=T |last3=Soodyall |first3=H |year=2009 |title=SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa |journal=Electrophoresis |volume=30 |issue=21 |pages=3657–3664 |doi=10.1002/elps.200900197 |pmid=19810027 |s2cid=19515426}}</ref><ref name="Fynn1991">{{Cite thesis|title=The "Coloured" Community of Durban: A Study of Changing Perceptions of Identity|last=Fynn|first= Lorraine Margaret|date=1991|publisher=University of Natal|location=Durban|url=https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10413/6802/Fynn_Lorraine_Margaret_1991.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|type=Master of Social Science}}</ref><ref name="Palmer2015">{{Cite thesis|title=Through a Coloured Lens: Post-Apartheid Identity amongst Coloureds in KZN|last=Palmer|first= Fileve T.|date=2015|hdl=2022/19854|type=PhD|publisher=Indiana University|location=Bloomington, Ind}}</ref>
It is important to note here that genetic reference cluster term "Khoisan" itself refers to a colonially admixed population cluster, hence the concatenation, and is not a straightforward reference to ancient African pastoralist and hunter ancestry, which is often demarcated by the L0 haplogroup ancestry common in the general South African native population which is also integral part of other aboriginal genetic reference cluster terms like "South-East African Bantu".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barbieri |first1=Chiara |last2=Vicente |first2=Mário |last3=Rocha |first3=Jorge |last4=Mpoloka |first4=Sununguko W. |last5=Stoneking |first5=Mark |last6=Pakendorf |first6=Brigitte |date=2013-02-07 |title=Ancient Substructure in Early mtDNA Lineages of Southern Africa |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=285–292 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.12.010 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=3567273 |pmid=23332919}}</ref>
 
In the 21st century, Coloured people constitute a plurality of the population in the provinces of [[Western Cape]] (48.8%), and a large minority in the [[Northern Cape]] (40.3%), both areas of centuries of mixing among the populations. In the [[Eastern Cape]], they make up (8.3%) of the population.
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====Griqua====
{{Main|Griqua people}}
[[Image:Adam_kok_III.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Adam Kok III]], leader of the Coloured Griqua People]]

During the 17th and 18th century in the Dutch Cape Colony, interracial unions that were primarily between the [[West European]] (especially the Dutch) and the [[Khoi Khoi]] created a group of mixed-race individuals that became known as the [[Griqua people|Griqua]].<ref name="academia_19907156">{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/19907156 |title=The Making of Griqua, Inc.: Indigenous Struggles for Land and Autonomy in South Africa |website=academia.edu |date=2015 |access-date=2024-12-15}}</ref> The Griqua people could trace their forefathers to two clans, the Koks and Barendse, the first was made up mainly of Khoikhoi and the second of mixed European descent.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Genetic studies made in the 21st century have revealed that the Griquas also have [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]], [[San people|San]], and [[Tswana people|Tswana]] ancestry.<ref name="The Making of Griqua, Inc.: Indigen">{{cite book | url=https://www.academia.edu/19907156 | title=The Making of Griqua, Inc.: Indigenous Struggles for Land and Autonomy in South Africa | date=January 2015 }}</ref> What separates the Griquas from the Cape Coloureds is that the Griquas do not have Asian ancestry within their bloodline and unlike the Cape Coloureds who adopted the Western and Asian lifestyle, the Griquas clung more to the African lifestyle, most particularly that of the Khoi Khoi.<ref name="pletthistory.org">{{cite web | url=https://pletthistory.org/the-story-of-the-griqua-re-visited/ | title=The Story of the Griqua Re-visited {{pipe}} the van Plettenberg Historical Society }}</ref>

The actual name 'Griqua' was derived from the Chariaguriqua people whose princess became the wife of the first Griqua leader, [[Adam Kok]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/griqua | title=Griqua {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref> As a result of discrimination and the smallpox disease that occurred in the Cape Colony, Adam Kok (a Griqua leader who was also a liberated slave) led the Griquas in migrating to other regions in South Africa and formed two Griqua states: [[Griqualand West]] and [[Griqualand East]].<ref name="pletthistory.org"/> Griqualand West was located in present-day [[Northern Cape]] while Griqualand East was located between present-day [[KwaZulu-Natal]] and the [[Eastern Cape]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Unfortunately, with the expansion of the Cape Colony, which was under British rule this time, the two Griqua states ceased to exist and were annexed into the Cape colony.<ref name="academia_19907156"/>

During the Apartheid regime (1948-1994), Griquas were classified as Coloureds due to their mixed-race ancestry and they were forced to live in Coloured communities in South Africa under the [[Group Areas Act]].<ref name="The Making of Griqua, Inc.: Indigen"/> Due to the racial policies and the racial hierarchy of South Africa's demographics during Apartheid, many Griquas accepted the classification of "Coloured" for fear that their Griqua roots might place them at a lower level than other groups.<ref name="The Making of Griqua, Inc.: Indigen"/> As a result, it is difficult to estimate and determine the actual size of the Griqua population, therefore, it remains unknown.<ref name="The Making of Griqua, Inc.: Indigen"/>

Although Griquas are scattered across the country (due to historic migrations), the majority of Coloureds that come from the [[Griekwastad]] area in the [[Northern Cape]], the [[Kokstad]] area in [[KwaZulu-Natal]] and the [[Kranshoek]] area in the [[Western Cape]] are either directly Griqua or they are the descendants of Griquas.<ref name="The Making of Griqua, Inc.: Indigen"/>

====Colony of Natal/Natal province====

[[File:Coloured-Community-of-Nongoma-KwaZulu-Natal-Christmas-Day-early-1900s.png|thumb|Coloured community of Nongoma, Natal on Christmas Day in the early 1900s]]

Another phase of interracial marriages/miscegenation in South Africa happened in the [[Colony of Natal]] (present-day [[KwaZulu-Natal]]) during the 19th century and early 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1177/2158244016673873 | title=Racialism and Representation in the Rainbow Nation | date=2016 | last1=Palmer | first1=Fileve T. | journal=SAGE Open | volume=6 | issue=4 | doi-access=free }}</ref> This time, it was mainly between the [[British people|British]] and the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] with an addition of British intermixing with [[Indian South Africans|Indians]] and the arrival of immigrants from [[St Helena]], and [[Mauritius]] that married locally.<ref name="aaregistry.org"/> To a certain extent, miscegenation in Natal also involved the Irish, German, Norwegian and the [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]].<ref name="aaregistry.org"/>

Blood group phenotype and gene frequency studies showed that the Natal Coloured population contains a mixture of approximately 40% Black, 30% White and 30% Indian (Asian) genes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moores |first1=Phyllis |last2=Vaaja |first2=Ulla |last3=Smart |first3=Elizabeth |date=1991 |title=D__ andDc_ Gene Complexes in the Coloureds and Blacks of Natal and the Eastern Cape and Blood Group Phenotype and Gene Frequency Studies in the Natal Coloured Population |url=https://karger.com/HHE/article/doi/10.1159/000154016 |journal=Human Heredity |language=en |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=295–304 |doi=10.1159/000154016 |pmid=1778605 |issn=1423-0062|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

After the Boer republic [[Natalia Republic|Natalia]] was annexed by the British rulers, it became the [[Colony of Natal|Natal]] in 1845. When the British started settling in Natal from the mid-19th century, they established sugarcane plantations especially in the coastal regions ([[Durban]], [[KwaDukuza|Stanger]] etc.) and these plantations required intensive labour as well.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sugarvillage.co.za/news/A-Brief-History-of-Durbans-Sugar-Cane | title=A Brief History of Durban's Sugar Cane }}</ref> Struggling to find labour from the local [[Zulu people|Zulu]], the British decided to import thousands of labourers from India to work on the sugarcane plantations of Natal.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-indentured-labour-natal-1860-1911 | title=Indian Indentured Labour in Natal 1860-1911 {{pipe}} South African History Online }}</ref>

Just like the Dutch settlers in the Cape, most of the British settlers in Natal were men, therefore, many of them married Zulu women while some married Indian women and mixed-race children were also conceived and eventually, multiracial people in Natal became 'Natal Coloureds'.<ref name="Palmer-2015">{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/70281903 | title=Through a Coloured lens: Post-Apartheid identity formation amongst Coloureds in KZN | date=January 2015 | last1=Palmer | first1=Fileve | p=71 }}</ref> Sometimes the White administrators who had fathered children from Zulu women would put their mixed-race children in the care of Coloured families in the area.<ref name="Palmer-2015"/> Other times it was the African woman that conceived a mixed-race child from 'Umlungu' (a white person) that initiated giving up the child.<ref name="Palmer-2015"/> In this way, interracial unions and marriages became common and a separate community grew. The descendants of all these interracial unions remain in [[Nongoma]], [[Eshowe]], [[Mandeni]], [[Mangete]], [[Nqabeni]], [[Umuziwabantu]], and [[iziNqolwene]].<ref name="Palmer-2015"/>

[[File:John Dunn.webp|thumb|John Robert Dunn, the white Zulu chief with 48 Zulu wives and 118 mixed race children]]

Some of the British men with interracial marriages in Natal practised polygamy, having multiple Zulu wives while others had multiple Zulu concubines.<ref name="academia.edu"/> The perfect example of this is [[John Robert Dunn]], a white trader with Scottish parents who became a Zulu chief with 48 Zulu wives and 118 mixed race children; and most of his mixed-race descendants (who became 'Coloureds' in Natal) still live in present-day [[KwaZulu-Natal]].<ref>https://acearchive.org/john-robert-dunn</ref> Another British man who practised polygamy was [[Henry Francis Fynn|Henry Fynn]] who had four Zulu wives and multiple mixed-race children.<ref>https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/5e1a0e77-5ac6-46d6-bc02-8b6c29c47f79/content</ref> Although [[Henry Ogle]] (a British trader from [[Yorkshire]]) married an English wife named Janie and had a son named Henry, he also fathered multiple mixed-race children with his Zulu concubines at his kraal near [[Umkomaas]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.1820settlers.com/genealogy/getperson.php?personID=I114401 | title=Henry Ogle, 1820 Settler b. 1800 Yorkshire, England d. 20 Feb 1860 Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa: British 1820 Settlers to South Africa }}</ref>

====Apartheid====

During the [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|apartheid era]] in South Africa of the second half of the 20th century, the government used the term "Coloured" to describe one of the four main racial groups it defined by law (the fourth was "Asian," later "Indian"). This was an effort to impose [[white supremacy]] and maintain racial divisions. Individuals were classified as [[White South Africans]] (formally classified as "European"), [[Bantu peoples in South Africa|Black South Africans]] (formally classified as "Native", "Bantu" or simply "African" and constituting the majority of the population), Coloureds (mixed-race) and [[Indian South Africans|Indians]] (formally classified as "Asian").<ref name="Posel2001"/> The census in South Africa during 1911 played a significant role in defining racial identities in the country. One of the most noteworthy aspects of this census was the instructions given to enumerators on how to classify individuals into different racial categories. The category of "coloured persons" was used to refer to all people of mixed race, and this category included various ethnic groups such as [[Hottentot (racial term)|Hottentots]], [[Bushmen]], [[Cape Malays]], [[Griquas]], [[Khoemana|Korannas]], [[Creole peoples|Creoles]], [[Negroes]], and [[Cape Coloureds]].

Although the apartheid government recognised various coloured subgroups, including the Cape Malays and Cape Coloureds, the Coloured population, was for many purposes treated as a single group, despite their varying ancestries and cultures. Also during apartheid, many Griqua began to self-identify as ''Coloureds'' during the apartheid era, because of the benefits of such classification. For example, Coloureds did not have to carry a ''[[Pass laws|dompas]]'' (a pass, an identity document designed to limit the movements of the black population), while the Griqua, who were seen as an indigenous African group, though heavily mixed, did.