Editing Columella (section)

==Works==
{{anchor|De Re Rustica}}
===''De re rustica''===
In ancient times, Columella's work "appears to have been but little read", cited only by [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]], [[Cassiodorus]], and [[Isidore of Seville|Isidorus]], and having fallen "into almost complete neglect" after [[Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius|Palladius]] published an abridgement of it.{{r|peck|p=383}}

This book is presented as advice to a certain Publius Silvinus. Previously known only in fragments, the complete book was among those discovered in monastery libraries in Switzerland and France by [[Poggio Bracciolini]] and his assistant [[Bartolomeo di Montepulciano]] during the [[Council of Constance]], between 1414 and 1418.<ref name=shep />

Structure of {{lang|la|De re rustica}} ("On Agriculture"):
*[[Soil|soils]]
*[[viticulture]]
*[[Fruit|fruits]]
*[[Olive|olive trees]]
*big animals: [[cattle]], [[Horse|horses]] and [[Mule|mules]]
*small animals: [[Donkey|asses]], [[sheep]], [[Goat|goats]], [[Pig|pigs]], [[Dog|dogs , such as his canine companion named Paco ]]
*fish and fowl: [[Chicken|chickens]], [[Columbidae|doves]], [[Thrush (bird)|thrushes]], [[Peafowl|peacocks]], Numidian chicken and [[guineafowl]], [[Goose|geese]], [[Duck|ducks]], [[Fish pond|fish ponds]]
*wild animals: enclosures for wild animals, [[beekeeping]], production of [[honey]] and [[wax]]
*[[Garden|gardens]]
*personnel management
*[[Calendar|calendars]]
*[[Housekeeping|household management]]

Book 10 is written entirely in [[Dactyl (poetry)|dactylic]] [[hexameter]] verse, in imitation of, or homage to, [[Virgil]]. It may initially have been intended to be the concluding volume, books 11 and 12 being perhaps an addition to the original scheme.{{r|kenney}}

A complete, but anonymous, translation into English was published by [[Andrew Millar]] in 1745.{{r|millar}} Excerpts had previously been translated by [[Richard Bradley (botanist)|Richard Bradley]].{{r|bradley}}

===''De arboribus''===
[[File:De re rustica.tif|thumb|''De re rustica'', 1564]]
The short work ''{{Lang|la|De arboribus}}'', "On Trees", is in manuscripts and early editions of Columella considered as book 3 of ''{{Lang|la|De re rustica}}''.{{r|penny}} However, it is clear from the opening sentences that it is part of a separate and possibly earlier work. As the anonymous translator of the Millar edition notes, in ''{{Lang|la|De arboribus}}'' there is no mention of the Publius Silvinus to whom the ''{{Lang|la|De re rustica}}'' is addressed.{{r|millar|page=571}} A recent critical edition of the Latin text of the ''{{Lang|la|De re rustica}}'' includes it, but as ''{{Lang|la|incerti auctoris}}'', by an unknown hand.<ref name=rodgers /> [[Cassiodorus]] mentions sixteen books of Columella, which has led to the suggestion that ''{{Lang|la|De arboribus}}'' formed part of a work in four volumes.{{r|penny}}

===Sources===
In addition to Cato the Elder and Varro, Columella used many sources that are no longer extant and for which he is one of the few references. These include works by [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]], the [[Carthage|Carthaginian]] writer [[Mago (agricultural writer)|Mago]], [[Tremellius Scrofa]], and many [[ancient Greece|Greek]] sources. His uncle Marcus Columella, "a clever man and an exceptional farmer" (VII.2.30), had conducted experiments in [[Sheep farming|sheep breeding]], crossing colourful wild rams, introduced from Africa for gladiatorial games, with domestic sheep,<ref name=enc /> and may have influenced his nephew's interests. Columella owned farms in [[Italia (Roman province)|Italy]]; he refers specifically to estates at Ardea, Carseoli, and Alba,<ref name=lacus /> and speaks repeatedly of his own practical experience in agriculture.

===Editions===
The earliest editions of Columella group his works with those on agriculture of [[Cato the Elder]], [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]] and [[Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius|Palladius]]. Some modern library catalogues follow Brunet in listing these under "{{Lang|la|Rei rusticae scriptores}}" or "{{Lang|la|Scriptores rei rusticae}}".<ref name=brunet />

* ''{{Lang|la|Iunii Moderati Columellae hortulus}}'' [Rome: Printer of Silius Italicus, {{Circa|1471}}] (book X only)
* [[Georgius Merula]], Franciscus Colucia (eds.) ''{{Lang|la|De re rustica}}'' Opera et impensa Nicolai Ienson: Venetiis, 1472.
* ''Lucii Iunii Moderati Columellae de Cultu hortorum Liber .xi. quem .Pub. Virgilius .M. i[n] Georgicis Posteris edendum dimisit.'' [Padova]: D[ominicus] S[iliprandus], [ca. 1480]
* Opera Agricolationum: Columellæ: Varronis: Catonisque: nec non Palladii: cū excriptionibus .D. Philippi Beroaldi: & commentariis quæ in aliis impressionibus non extāt''. Impensis Benedicti hectoris: Bonon., xiii. calen. octob. [19 Sept.], 1494
* [[Filippo Beroaldo|Beroaldo, Filippo "il vecchio"]] ''Oratio de felicitate habita in enarratione Georgicon Virgilii et Columellae'' Bononiae: per Ioannemantonium De Benedictis, 1507
* ''Lucii Junii moderati Columell[ae] de cultu hortorum carme[n] : Necno[n] [et] Palladius de arboru[m] insitione una cu[m] Nicolai Barptholomaei Lochensis hortulo.'' Parisiis: Venundantur parisiis in aedibus Radulphi Laliseau [printed by Jean Marchant], [1512] (poetry sections only)
* Columella, Lucius Iunius Moderatus ''Columella De cultu ortorum. Interprete Pio Bononiensi''. Impressum Bononiae: a Hieronymo de Benedictis bibliopola et calcographo, 1520 mense Augusto 
* ''Libri De Re Rustica...Additis Nuper Commentariis Iunii Pompo. Fortunati in Librum De Cultu Hortorum, Cum Adnotationibus Philippi Beroaldi...'' Florence: Filippo Giunta, 1521
* ''De re rustica libri XII. Euisdem de Arboris liber, separatus ab aliis''. Lyon, Sébastien Gryphe, 1541
* Columella, Lucius Iunius Moderatus ''De l'agricoltura libri XII. / Lutio Giunio Moderato Columella. Trattato de gli alberi, tradotto nuouamente di latino in lingua italiana per Pietro Lauro Modonese'' In Venetia: [Michele Tramezzino il vecchio], 1544
* ''Les Douze livres des choses rustiques. Traduicts de Latin en François, par feu maistre Claude Cotereau Chanoine de Paris. La traduction duquel ha esté soingneusement reveue & en la plupart corrigée, & illustrée de doctes annotations par maistre Jean Thierry de Beauvoisis'' Paris: Jacques Kerver, 1551, 1555
* Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus ''Les douze liures ... des choses rustiques, tr. par C. Cotereau. La tr. corrigée & illustrée de doctes annotations par J. Thiery de Beauoisis'' Paris, 1555
* Columella, Lucius Iunius Moderatus [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_kjLGbKoerucC/page/n3/mode/2up ''Lutio Giunio Moderato Columella De l'agricoltura libri XII. Trattato de gli alberi del medesimo, tradotto nuouamente di latino in lingua italiana per Pietro Lauro modonese'']. In Venetia: per Geronimo Caualcalouo, 1559
** Reprinted: [https://gutenberg.beic.it/view/action/singleViewer.do?dvs=1620746557679~645&locale=en_GB&VIEWER_URL=/view/action/singleViewer.do?&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=10&frameId=1&usePid1=true&usePid2=true In Venetia: appresso Nicolò Beuilacqua, 1564] 
* Orsini, Fulvio ''Notae ad M. Catonem, M. Varronem, L. Columellam de re rustica. Ad kalend. rusticum Farnesianum & veteres inscriptiones Fratrum Arvalium. Iunius Philargyrius in Bucolica & Georgica Virgilij. Notae ad Servium in Bucol. Georg. & Aeneid. Virg. Velius Longus de orthographia : ex bibliotheca Fulvi Ursini'' Romae: in aedib. S.P.Q.R. apud Georgium Ferrarium, 1587{{r|orsini}}
* Bradley, Richard ''A Survey of the Ancient Husbandry and Gardening collected from Cato, Varro, Columella, Virgil, and others, the most eminent writers among the Greeks & Romans: wherein many of the most difficult passages in those authors are explain'd ... Adorn'd with cuts, etc.'' London: B. Motte, 1725
* Gesner, Johann Matthias (ed.) ''Scriptores Rei Rusticae veteres Latini Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladius, quibus nunc accedit Vegetius de Mulo-Medicina et Gargilii Martialis fragmentum (Ausoni Popinæ De instrumento fundi liber. J. B. Morgagni epist. IV.) cum editionibus prope omnibus et MSS. pluribus collati: adjectae notae virorum clariss, integræ ... et lexicon Rei Rusticae curante Io. Matthia Gesnero'' Lipsiae: sumtibus Caspari Fritsch, 1735 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=tJlAAAAAcAAJ full text])
* Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (trans. Anon.) ''[https://archive.org/details/ljuniusmoderatus00colu/ L. Junius Moderatus Columella of Husbandry, in Twelve Books: and his book, concerning Trees. Translated into English, with illustrations from Pliny, Cato, Varro, Palladius and other ancient and modern authors]'' London: A. Millar, 1745