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Comitative case
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==Comparison to similar cases== The comitative case is often conflated or confused with other similar cases, especially the [[instrumental case]] and the [[associative case]]. The comitative relates to an accompanier and a companion, and the instrumental relates to an [[agent (grammar)|agent]], an [[object (grammar)|object]], and a [[patient (grammar)|patient]].<ref name=Narrog>{{cite book|last=Narrog|first=Heiko|title=The Oxford Handbook of Case|year=2009|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press Inc.|chapter=Varieties of Instrumental|editor-first1=Andrej |editor-last1=Malchukov |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last2=Spencer|pages=601–608}}</ref>{{rp|593}} Enrique Palancar defines the role of Instrumental case as <nowiki>'the role played by the object the Agent manipulates to achieve a change of state of the Patient.'</nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last=Palancar|first=E. L.|year=1999|title=Instrumental Prefixes in Amerindian Languages: An Overview to their Meanings, Origin, and Functions|journal=Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung|volume=52|pages=151–166}}</ref> Even though the difference is straightforward, because the instrumental and the comitative are expressed the same way in many languages, including [[English language|English]], it is often difficult to separate them. Russian is one of many languages that differentiate morphologically between instrumental and comitative: {{fs interlinear|indent=3|lang=ru |Я пойду в кино с мамой |Ya poydu v kino s mamoy |I go in cinema with mom.COM |'I'll go to the cinema with my mom.'}} {{fs interlinear|indent=3|lang=ru|abbreviations=INSTR:instrumental case |Я нарезал хлеб этим ножом |Ya narezal khleb etim nozhom |I cut bread this.INSTR knife.INSTR |'I cut the bread with this knife.'<ref name=Heine&Kuteva />}} In Russian, the comitative is marked by adding a preposition {{lang|ru|с}} and by declining the companion in the instrumental case; the design {{lang|ru|с мамой}} as a whole becomes comitative. In the instrumental case, the object is declined, but no preposition is added.<ref name=Heine&Kuteva>{{cite book|last1=Heine|last2=Kuteva|first1=Bernd|first2=Tania|title=The Changing Languages of Europe|year=2006|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press |page=188}}</ref> The comitative case is often confused with the associative case. Before the term comitative was applied to the accompanier-companion relationship, the relationship was often called associative case, a term still used by some linguists.<ref>{{cite book|last=Haspelmath|first=Martin|title=The Oxford Handbook of Case|year=2009|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-first1=Andrej |editor-last1=Malchukov |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last2=Spencer|chapter=Terminology of Case|pages=514}}</ref> It is important to distinguish between the comitative and the associative because the associative also refers to a specific variety of the comitative case that is used in Hungarian.<ref name=Stolz2009 />{{rp|605}}
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