Editing Common raven (section)

=== Classification ===
The closest relatives of the common raven are the [[brown-necked raven]] (''C. ruficollis''), the [[pied crow]] (''C. albus'') of Africa, and the [[Chihuahuan raven]] (''C. cryptoleucus'') of the North American Southwest.<ref>[[#Goodwin|Goodwin]], pp. 70–72</ref> Most authorities, including the IOC World Bird List and the ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]'', currently accept 11 [[subspecies]],<ref name="IOC">{{cite web | title=IOC World Bird List – Jayshrike, shrikes, crows, mudnesters, melampittas, Ifrit, birds-of-paradise | website=IOC World Bird List – Version 14.2 | date=2024-08-17 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/crows/ | access-date=2024-11-27}}</ref><ref name=HBW>Marzluff, J. M. (2009). "Common Raven (''Corvus corax'')". pp.&nbsp;638–639 in ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]''. Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Christie, D. A. (eds.). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. {{ISBN|978-84-96553-50-7}}</ref> though some only accept eight;<ref name=Clements>Clements, J. F. (2007). ''The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World.'' 6th edition. Christopher Helm. {{ISBN|978-0-7136-8695-1}}</ref> of the six subspecies accepted by IOC and ''HBW'' in the [[Western Palearctic]] region, only four are accepted by Shirihai.<ref name="Shirihai">{{cite book | last1=Shirihai | first1=Hadoram | last2=Svensson | first2=Lars | title=Handbook of Western Palearctic birds. volume 2: Passerines: flycatchers to buntings | publisher=Helm | publication-place=London Oxford New York New Delhi Sydney | date=2019 | isbn=978-1-4729-3737-7 | pages=268–271}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Image
!Distribution
!Notes
|-
| valign="top" |{{nowrap|''C. c. principalis'' <small>Ridgway, 1887</small>}}
|[[File:MK04400 Raven (Jasper National Park).jpg|140 px]] <br/>Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada
| valign="top" | Northern North America and [[Greenland]], south to the Appalachian Mountains in the east
| valign="top" | Large body and the largest bill, its plumage is strongly glossy, and its throat hackles are well-developed.<ref name="HBW" />
|-
| valign="top" |{{nowrap|''C. c. sinuatus'' <small>Wagler, 1829</small>}}
|[[File:Parking Lot Raven Curious 2019-10-29.jpg|140 px]] <br/>Bryce Canyon, Utah, USA
| valign="top" | South-central North America from SW Canada through the western USA (except California) and Mexico (except Baja California) to Central America
| valign="top" | Smaller, with a smaller and narrower bill than ''C. c. principalis''.<ref name="HBW" />
|-
| valign="top" |{{nowrap|''C. c. clarionensis'' <small>Rothschild & E. J. O. Hartert, 1902</small>}}
|[[File:Corvus corax clarionensis, Point Reyes National Seashore.jpg|140 px]] <br/>Point Reyes, California, USA
| valign="top" | Far southwestern U.S. (California) and northwestern Mexico (Baja California and the [[Revillagigedo Islands]])
| valign="top" | Populations in this area are the smallest ravens in North America. They are sometimes included in ''C. c. sinuatus'',<ref name="Clements"/> but are genetically distinct from that and other subspecies, more closely related to the [[chihuahuan raven]] ''C. cryptoleucus'' (see [[Common raven#Evolutionary history|Evolutionary history]], below).<ref name="Omland2000"/>
|-
| valign="top" |{{nowrap|''C. c. varius'' <small>Brünnich, 1764</small>}}
| [[File:Corvus corax in Akureyri 7.jpeg|140 px]] <br/>Akureyri, Iceland
| valign="top" | [[Iceland]] and the [[Faroe Islands]]
| valign="top" | Less glossy than ''C. c. principalis'' or the nominate subspecies ''C. c. corax'', is intermediate in size, and the bases of its neck feathers are whitish (not visible at a distance). An [[extinct]] pied [[Polymorphism (biology)|colour morph]] found only on the Faroe Islands was known as the [[pied raven]] (''C. c. varius'' morpha ''leucophaeus''; the black colour morph being ''C. c. varius'' morpha ''varius'').<ref name="cornell">{{cite journal |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/comrav/cur/systematics |last1=Boarman | first1=W I| last2=Heinrich | first2=B | year=2020 | title=Common Raven (''Corvus corax''), version 1.0| editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=Josep | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=Andrew | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=Jordi | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=David A | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=Eduardo | journal=Birds of the World | location=Ithaca, NY, USA | publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology | doi=10.2173/bow.grswoo.01 |s2cid=226025386 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
|valign="top" |{{nowrap|''C. c. corax'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>}}
|[[File:Korp Northern Raven, Lindome, Göteborg, Sweden (20342909272).jpg|140 px]] <br/>Gothenburg, Sweden
|valign="top" | Northern and central Europe eastwards to [[Lake Baikal]], south to the [[Caucasus]] region and northern [[Iran]]
|valign="top" | Large, with a relatively short, arched bill. <ref name="HBW" />
|-
|valign="top" |{{nowrap|''C. c. hispanus'' <small>E. J. O. Hartert & O. Kleinschmidt, 1901</small>}}
|[[File:Common Raven - Catalan Pyrenees - Spain MG 4399 (25099147132).jpg|140 px]] <br/>Pyrenees in Catalonia, Spain
|valign="top" | Southwestern Europe from Iberia to Italy, and including the [[Balearic Islands]], [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]]
|valign="top" | An even more arched bill and shorter wings than the nominate.<ref name="HBW" /> Some authors include it in nominate ''C. c. corax''.<ref name="Shirihai"/>
|-
| valign="top" |{{nowrap|''C. c. laurencei'' <small>Hume, 1873</small>}}
|[[File:Punjab Raven (36590467474).jpg|140 px]] <br/>Tal Chhapar, Rajasthan, India
| valign="top" | Across southern Asia from Turkey and Cyprus east to western China and northwestern India; in the [[Indian subcontinent]] only at low altitudes, below 600 m (cf. ''C. c. tibetanus'', over 2,500 m).<ref name="Kazmierczak">{{cite book | last1=Kazmierczak | first1=Krys | last2=Perlo | first2=Ber van | title=A field guide to the birds of the Indian subcontinent | publisher=Yale University Press | publication-place=New Haven | date=2000 | isbn=0-300-07921-4 | page=204}}</ref> Birds in eastern Greece in southeast Europe are also included in this subspecies by some authors,<ref name="IOC"/> but others include them in nominate ''C. c. corax''.<ref name="Shirihai"/>
| valign="top" | Slightly larger than the nominate subspecies, but has relatively short throat hackles. Its plumage is generally all black, though its neck and breast have a brownish tone similar to that of the [[brown-necked raven]]; this is more evident when the plumage is worn. The bases of its neck feathers, although somewhat variable in colour, are often almost whitish. Based on the population from [[Sindh]] described by [[Allan Octavian Hume|Hume]] in 1873;<ref name="pcr">{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, PC |author2=Anderton, JC| year=2005| title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions| pages=600–601}}</ref> sometimes incorrectly treated as "''C. c. subcorax''", but the type specimen of ''Corvus subcorax'' collected by [[Nikolai Severtzov]] is a [[brown-necked raven]].<ref name="Shirihai"/> The population in the [[Sindh]] district of Pakistan and the adjoining regions of northwestern India is sometimes known as the Punjab raven.<ref name="hbk">{{cite book|author1=Ali, S |author2=S D Ripley| title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume= 5|year= 1986|pages =261–265}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal|author=Eates, KR |year=1939 |title= The distribution and nidification of the Indian (Punjab) Raven (''Corvus corax laurencei'' Hume) in Sind|journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=40|issue=4|pages=747–750|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47591964}}</ref>
|-
| valign="top" |{{nowrap|''C. c. tingitanus'' <small>Irby, 1874</small>}}
|[[File:Corvus corax tingitanus, Boutlélis, Algeria 1.jpg|140 px]] <br/>Boutlélis, Algeria
| valign="top" | North Africa
| valign="top" | The smallest subspecies, with the shortest throat hackles and a distinctly oily plumage gloss. Its bill is short but markedly stout, and the [[Culmen (bird)|culmen]] is strongly arched.<ref name="HBW" />
|-
| valign="top" |{{nowrap|''C. c. canariensis'' <small>E. J. O. Hartert & O. Kleinschmidt, 1901</small>}}
|[[File:Corvus corax, Cumbre Vieja 03.jpg|140 px]] <br/>Cumbre Vieja, La Palma, Canary Islands
| valign="top" | [[Canary Islands]]
| valign="top" | A small subspecies, similar to ''C. c. tingitanus'' but with browner plumage. Its bill is short but markedly stout, and the [[Culmen (bird)|culmen]] is strongly arched.<ref name="HBW" /> Some authors include it in ''C. c. tingitanus''.<ref name="Shirihai"/> Birds on Fuerteventura have been described as a separate subspecies ''C. c. jordansi'' <small>Niethammer, 1953</small>, but this is not accepted by any of the major authorities.<ref name="Shirihai"/>
|-
|valign="top" |{{nowrap|''C. c. tibetanus'' <small>Hodgson, 1849</small>}}
|valign="top" | [[File:Corvus corax tibetanus.jpg|140 px]] <br/>Khardung La, India
|valign="top" | The [[Himalaya]], at high altitudes 2,500–5,000 (–8,000) m (cf. ''C. c. laurencei'' below 600 m in this region)<ref name="Kazmierczak"/>
|valign="top" | The largest and glossiest subspecies, with the longest throat hackles. Its bill is large, but less imposing than that of ''C. c. principalis''; the bases of its neck feathers are grey.<ref name=HBW/>
|-
|valign="top" |{{nowrap|''C. c. kamtschaticus'' <small>Dybowski, 1883</small>}}
|[[File:Corvus corax kamtschaticus, nortern Mongolia.JPG|140 px]] <br/>Northern Mongolia
|valign="top" | Northeastern Asia
|valign="top" | Intergrades into the nominate subspecies in the [[Lake Baikal]] region. It is intermediate in size between ''C. c. principalis'' and ''C. c. corax'' and has a distinctly larger and thicker bill than the nominate subspecies does.<ref name=HBW/>
|}