Editing Computational intelligence (section)

== History ==
In 1950, [[Alan Turing]], one of the founding fathers of computer science, developed a test for computer intelligence known as the ''[[Turing test]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turing |first=Alan M. |date=1950-10-01 |title=I.—COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE |url=https://academic.oup.com/mind/article/LIX/236/433/986238 |journal=Mind |language=en |volume=LIX |issue=236 |pages=433–460 |doi=10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433 |issn=1460-2113|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In this test, a person can ask questions via a keyboard and a monitor without knowing whether his counterpart is a human or a computer. A computer is considered intelligent if the interrogator cannot distinguish the computer from a human. This illustrates the discussion about intelligent computers at the beginning of the computer age.

The term ''Computational Intelligence'' was first used as the title of the journal of the same name in 1985<ref>{{Cite web |title=Computational Intelligence - Issue archive |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/loi/14678640/year/1985 |website=Wiley Online Library|doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1467-8640 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Bezdek |first=James C. |title=Computational Intelligence Defined - By Everyone ! |date=1998 |work=Computational Intelligence: Soft Computing and Fuzzy-Neuro Integration with Applications |pages=10–37 |editor-last=Kaynak |editor-first=Okyay |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239724199 |access-date=2025-02-01 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-58930-0_2 |isbn=978-3-642-63796-4 |editor2-last=Zadeh |editor2-first=Lotfi A. |editor3-last=Türkşen |editor3-first=Burhan |editor4-last=Rudas |editor4-first=Imre J.}}</ref> and later by the IEEE Neural Networks Council (NNC), which was founded 1989 by a group of researchers interested in the development of biological and artificial neural networks.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2014 |title=IEEE Computational Intelligence Society History |url=http://ethw.org/IEEE_Computational_Intelligence_Society_History |access-date=2015-10-30 |website=Engineering and Technology history Wiki}}</ref> On November 21, 2001, the NNC  became the IEEE Neural Networks Society, to become the [[IEEE Computational Intelligence Society]] two years later by including new areas of interest such as fuzzy systems and evolutionary computation.

The NNC helped organize the first IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence in Orlando, Florida in 1994.<ref name=":16" /> On this conference the first clear definition of Computational Intelligence was introduced by Bezdek: ''A system is computationally intelligent when it: deals with only numerical (low-level) data, has [[Pattern recognition|pattern-recognition]] components, does not use knowledge in the AI sense; and additionally when it (begins to) exhibit (1) computational adaptivity; (2) computational fault tolerance; (3) speed approaching human-like turnaround and (4) error rates that approximate human performance.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bezdek |first=James C |title=Computational Intelligence: Imitating Life |date=1994 |publisher=IEEE Press |isbn=978-0-7803-1104-6 |editor-last=Zurada |editor-first=Jacek M. |edition= |location=New York, NY |pages=1–12 |chapter=What is computational intelligence? |editor-last2=Marks II |editor-first2=Robert J. |editor-last3=Robinson |editor-first3=Charles J.}}</ref>

Today, with machine learning and deep learning in particular utilizing a breadth of [[Supervised learning|supervised]], [[Unsupervised learning|unsupervised]], and [[reinforcement learning]] approaches, the CI landscape has been greatly enhanced, with novell intelligent approaches.