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Concrete shell
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==Advantages== Like the [[arch]], the curved shapes often used for concrete shells are naturally strong structures,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1953|title=Reinforced Concrete Thin Shell Structures|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/11834|journal=ACI Journal Proceedings|volume=49|issue=2|doi=10.14359/11834|issn=0002-8061|url-access=subscription}}</ref> allowing wide areas to be spanned without the use of internal supports, giving an open, unobstructed interior. The use of concrete as a building material reduces both materials cost and construction costs, as concrete is relatively inexpensive and easily cast into compound curves. Steel is often used in conjunction with concrete to reinforce the structure.<ref>{{Cite book|last=ISKHAKOV, IAKOV. RIBAKOV, YURI.|url=https://worldcat.org/oclc/1122451106|title=Design principles and analysis of thin concrete shells, domes and folders.|date=2019|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-367-37721-2|oclc=1122451106}}</ref> The resulting structure may be immensely strong and safe; modern [[monolithic dome]] houses and the [[Miami Marine Stadium]] withstood [[hurricane]]s, and concrete shell structures survived the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Michiels|first1=Tim|last2=Adriaenssens|first2=Sigrid|date=2017|title=Identification of key design parameters for earthquake resistance of reinforced concrete shell structures|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.10.043|journal=Engineering Structures|volume=153|pages=411β420|doi=10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.10.043|issn=0141-0296|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Concrete shells are widely considered to be strong enough to withstand even F5 [[tornado]]es.
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