Editing Concupiscence (section)

==Augustine==
Involuntary [[sexual arousal]] is explored in the [[Confessions (Augustine)|''Confessions'']] of [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], wherein he used the term "concupiscence" to refer to [[Christian views on sin|sinful]] [[lust]].<ref name="NewYorker"/> He taught that Adam's sin{{efn|Augustine taught that Adam's sin was both an act of foolishness ({{lang|la|īnsipientia}}) and of pride and disobedience to God of Adam and Eve. He thought it was a most subtle job to discern what came first: self-centeredness or failure in seeing truth. Augustine wrote to [[Julian of Eclanum]]: ''Sed si disputatione subtilissima et elimatissima opus est, ut sciamus utrum primos homines insipientia superbos, an insipientes superbia fecerit'' (''Contra Julianum'', V, 4.18; PL 44, 795). This particular sin would not have taken place if [[Satan]] had not sown into their senses "the root of evil" ({{lang|la|radix mali}}): ''Nisi radicem mali humanus tunc reciperet sensus'' (''Contra Julianum'', I, 9.42; PL 44, 670)}} is transmitted by concupiscence, or "hurtful desire",<ref>[http://www.talentshare.org/~mm9n/articles/sindeath/3.htm ORIGINAL SIN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225165958/http://www.talentshare.org/~mm9n/articles/sindeath/3.htm |date=2021-02-25 }}- Biblical Apologetic Studies – Retrieved 17 May 2014.  Augustine of Hippo (354–430) taught that Adam's sin is transmitted by concupiscence, or "hurtful desire", sexual desire and all sensual feelings resulting in humanity becoming a massa damnata (mass of perdition, condemned crowd), with much enfeebled, though not destroyed, freedom of will.</ref><ref>William Nicholson – [https://books.google.com/books?id=MeOx95oNQ9YC&dq=concupiscence%2C+or+%22hurtful+desire%22&pg=PA118 A Plain But Full Exposition of the Catechism of the Church of England... (Google eBook)] page 118. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</ref> resulting in humanity becoming a {{lang|la|massa damnāta}} (mass of perdition, condemned crowd), with much enfeebled, though not destroyed, freedom of will.{{sfn|ODCC|2005|p=Original sin}} When Adam sinned, human nature was thenceforth transformed. Adam and Eve, via sexual reproduction, recreated human nature. Their descendants now live in sin, in the form of concupiscence, a term Augustine used in a [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]], not a [[Psychology|psychological]] sense.{{efn|[[Thomas Aquinas]] explained Augustine's doctrine pointing out that the ''libido'' (''concupiscence''), which makes the original sin pass from parents to children, is not a ''libido actualis'', i.e. sexual lust, but ''libido habitualis'', i.e. a wound of the whole of human nature: ''Libido quae transmittit peccatum originale in prolem, non est libido actualis, quia dato quod virtute divina concederetur alicui quod nullam inordinatam libidinem in actu generationis sentiret, adhuc transmitteret in prolem originale peccatum. Sed libido illa est intelligenda habitualiter, secundum quod appetitus sensitivus non continetur sub ratione vinculo originalis iustitiae. Et talis libido in omnibus est aequalis'' (STh Iª–IIae q. 82 a. 4 ad 3).}} Augustine insisted that concupiscence was not ''a being'' but a ''bad quality'', the [[privation of good]] or a wound.<ref>''Non substantialiter manere concupiscentiam, sicut corpus aliquod aut spiritum; sed esse affectionem quamdam malae qualitatis, sicut est languor''. (''De nuptiis et concupiscentia'', I, 25. 28; PL 44, 430; cf. ''Contra Julianum'', VI, 18.53; PL 44, 854; ibid. VI, 19.58; PL 44, 857; ibid., II, 10.33; PL 44, 697; ''Contra Secundinum Manichaeum'', 15; PL 42, 590.</ref> He admitted that sexual concupiscence ({{lang|la|libīdō}}) might have been present in the perfect human nature in [[paradise]] and that only later it became disobedient to human will as a result of the first couple's disobedience to God's will in the original sin.{{efn|Augustine wrote to [[Julian of Eclanum]]: ''Quis enim negat futurum fuisse concubitum, etiamsi peccatum non praecessisset? Sed futurus fuerat, sicut aliis membris, ita etiam genitalibus voluntate motis, non libidine concitatis; aut certe etiam ipsa libidine – ut non vos de illa nimium contristemus – non qualis nunc est, sed ad nutum voluntarium serviente'' (Contra Julianum, IV. 11. 57; PL 44, 766). See also his late work: ''Contra secundam Iuliani responsionem imperfectum opus'', II, 42; PL 45,1160; ibid. II, 45; PL 45,1161; ibid., VI, 22; PL 45, 1550–1551.}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Le mariage chrétien dans l'oeuvre de Saint Augustin. Une théologie baptismale de la vie conjugale|last=Schmitt|first=É.|lang=fr|year=1983|series =Études Augustiniennes| location=Paris|page=104}}</ref> In Augustine's view (termed "[[Realism (philosophy)|Realism]]"), all of humanity was really present in Adam when he sinned and therefore all have sinned. Original sin, according to Augustine, consists of the guilt of Adam which all humans inherit.