Editing Conflagration (section)

==Notable examples==
{{Main|List of historic fires}}

[[Image:Ostankino fire august 2000.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Ostankino Tower#Accidents|Ostankino Tower fire]]]]
[[Image:New Orleans Fire 2005-09-02.jpg|thumb|180px|right|A fire in [[New Orleans]] after [[Hurricane Katrina]]]]

[[Image:CCTV new headquarters Fire 20090209.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Beijing Television Cultural Center fire]]]]
[[Image:School burn.JPG|thumb|180px|right|A fire in a school in [[Aberdeen, Washington]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|- align="center"
!Place
!Year
!Conflagration
!Notes
|----
|[[Alexandria]], Egypt
|48&nbsp;BCE
|[[Destruction of the Library of Alexandria|Burning of the library of Alexandria]]
|
|----
|[[Rome]], [[Roman Empire]]
|64
|[[Great Fire of Rome]]
|Large parts of ancient Rome destroyed
|----
|[[Bremen]], [[Archbishopric of Bremen]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|1041
|Fire of Bremen
|Most of the old city including the cathedral destroyed
|----
|[[Lübeck]], [[County of Holstein]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|1157
|1157 Fire of Lübeck
|Destruction of the city
|----
|[[Lübeck]], [[County of Holstein]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|1251
|1251 Fire of Lübeck
|Triggered use of stone as a fire-safe building material
|----
|[[Lübeck]], [[County of Holstein]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|1276
|1276 Fire of Lübeck
|Northern part of old city destroyed. Triggered system of fire protection. Last fire until the [[Bombing of Lübeck in World War II|bombing of WW II]]
|----
|[[Munich]], [[Duchy of Bavaria]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|1327
|Fire of Munich
|Ca. 1/3 of the city destroyed
|----
|[[Bern]], Switzerland
|1405
|1405 Fire of Bern
|600 houses destroyed, over 100 deaths
|----
|[[Moscow]], [[Tsardom of Russia]]
|1547
|[[Fire of Moscow (1547)|1547 Great Fire of Moscow]]
|2,700 to 3,700 fatalities; 80,000 displaced
|----
|Moscow, Tsardom of Russia
|1571
|[[Fire of Moscow (1571)|1571 Fire of Moscow]]
|10,000 to 80,000 casualties
|----
|[[London]], England
|1613
|Burning of the [[Globe Theatre]]<ref>{{cite web | work = Shakespeare's Globe Theatre | url = http://www.shakespeares-globe.org/abouttheglobe/background/thefirstglobe/ | title = The First Globe | publisher = The Shakespeare Globe Trust | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081204080103/http://www.shakespeares-globe.org/abouttheglobe/background/thefirstglobe/ | archive-date = 4 December 2008 | access-date = 15 March 2014}}</ref>
|During performance, cannon misfire caught the thatched roof on fire and the Theatre burned down
|----
|[[Aachen]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|1656
|Fire of Aachen
|4,664 houses destroyed, 17 deaths
|----
|[[Edo]], Japan
|1657
|[[Great Fire of Meireki]]
|30,000 to 100,000 fatalities, 60-70% of the city was destroyed
|----
|London, England
|1666
|[[Great Fire of London]]
|13,200 houses and 87 churches were destroyed
|----
|[[Rostock]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|1677
|1677 Fire of Rostock
|ca. 700 houses destroyed. Accelerated the city's economic decline at the end of the [[Hanseatic period]]
|----
|[[Copenhagen]], Denmark
|1728
|[[Copenhagen Fire of 1728]]
|1700 houses destroyed (28% of the city), 15,000 people made homeless
|----
|[[Tartu]], Estonia
|1775
|[[Great fire of Tartu]]
|Up to 2/3 of the city was destroyed
|----
|Copenhagen, Denmark
|1795
|[[Copenhagen Fire of 1795]]
|900 houses destroyed, 6,000 people made homeless
|----
|[[Kyiv]]
|1811
|[[Great Podil fire]]
|Over 2,000 houses, 12 churches and 3 abbeys razed, 30 deaths
|---
|Moscow, [[Russian Empire]]
|1812
|[[Fire of Moscow (1812)|1812 Fire of Moscow]]
|Estimated that 75% of the city was destroyed
|----
|[[Hamburg]], [[German Confederation]]
|1842
|[[Great Fire of Hamburg]]
|25% of the inner city destroyed
|----
|[[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], U.S.
|1849
|[[St. Louis Fire (1849)|Great St. Louis Fire]]
|430 homes and 23 ships destroyed, but only 3 dead
|----
|[[San Francisco]], [[California]], U.S.
|1851
|[[San Francisco Fire of 1851]]
| Destroyed as much as three-quarters of San Francisco
|----
|[[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], Chile
|1863
|[[Church of the Company Fire]]
|2,000 to 3,000 fatalities
|----
|[[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], Australia
|1864
|[[Great Fire of Brisbane]]
|Over four city blocks burned with over 50 houses razed and dozens of businesses
|----
|[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], U.S.
|1864
|[[Atlanta Campaign]] during [[American Civil War]]
|About 11/12ths of the city burned: more than 4,000 houses, shops, stores, mills, and depots; only about 450 buildings escaped damage
|----
|[[Portland, Maine|Portland]], [[Maine]], U.S.
|1866
|[[1866 Great fire of Portland, Maine]]
|1800 structures destroyed on peninsula/downtown area; 10,000 left displaced and homeless
|----
|[[Peshtigo, Wisconsin|Peshtigo]], [[Wisconsin]], U.S.
|1871
|[[Peshtigo Fire]]
|Resulted in most deaths by a single fire event in U.S. history (1500-2500)
|----
|[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S.
|1871
|[[Great Chicago Fire]]
|200 to 300 fatalities; 17,000 buildings were destroyed
|----
|[[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.
|1872
|[[Great Boston Fire of 1872|Boston Fire]]
|Over 700 buildings destroyed
|----
|[[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], U.S.
|1874
|[[Mill City Museum|Great Mill Disaster]]
|18 believed fatalities
|----
|[[New York City]], U.S.
|1876
|[[Brooklyn Theater Fire]]
|273–300 fatalities
|----
|[[Hoboken, New Jersey]], U.S.
|1900
|[[1900 Hoboken Docks Fire|Great Hoboken Pier Fire]]
|4 ships burned, killing up to 400 people
|----
|[[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]], [[Florida]], U.S.
|1901
|[[Great Fire of 1901]]
|8-hour fire destroyed over 2,300 buildings and displaced almost 10,000 people
|----
|Chicago
|1903
|[[Iroquois Theater Fire]]
|Deadliest single-building fire in U.S. history, with 602 victims
|----
|[[New York City]]
|1904
|Burning of the steamship [[General Slocum]]
|Over 1,000 fatalities
|----
|[[San Francisco]], [[California]], U.S.
|1906
|Result of the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake#Subsequent fires|1906 San Francisco earthquake]]
|Up to 3,000 victims; over 95% of city burned
|----
|[[Chelsea, Massachusetts|Chelsea]], Massachusetts, U.S.
|1908
|[[First Great Chelsea Fire]]
|1,500 buildings destroyed, 11,000 left homeless, when a fire at the [[Bostik|Boston Blacking Company]] was fanned by {{convert|40|mph|kph|abbr=on}} winds and raced across the Chelsea Rag District, a several-block area of dilapidated wood-frame buildings housing textile and paper scrap. Half the city was destroyed. Same conditions and origin area of the Second Great Chelsea Fire (1973).
|----
|[[Idaho]], U.S.
|1910
|Massive forest fire known as the [[Big Burn]]
|{{convert|3,000,000|acres|km2}} burned out, 75 dead.
|----
|New York City
|1911
|[[Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire]]
|Killed 146 [[Textile manufacturing|garment factory]] workers; 4th deadliest [[List of industrial disasters|industrial disaster in U.S. history]]
|----
|[[Tokyo]], Japan
|1923
|[[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]]
|Fire broke out following the earthquake, half the city was razed and over 100,000 died
|---
|[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Ohio]], U.S.
|1930
|[[Ohio Penitentiary]] fire
|322 fatalities, 150 seriously injured
|----
|[[Berlin]], Germany
|1933
|[[Reichstag Fire]]
|Destruction of the Reichstag, seat of the German Parliament
|----
|[[Coventry]], England
|1940
|[[Coventry Blitz]]
|Over 800 fatalities; most of the city was destroyed
|----
|[[Stalingrad]], [[U.S.S.R.]]
|1942
|[[Firestorm]] resulting from German [[strategic bombing|air bombardment]]
|955 fatalities (original Soviet estimate)
|----
|Boston
|1942
|[[Cocoanut Grove fire]]
|Nightclub fire killed 492 and injured hundreds more
|----
|[[Hamburg]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]
|1943
|Firestorm resulting from [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|air bombardment]]
|35,000 to 45,000 victims, {{convert|12|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} of the city destroyed
|----
|[[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]], [[Connecticut]], U.S.
|1944
|[[Hartford Circus Fire]] when tent burned
|168 killed and over 700 injured
|----
|[[Dresden]], Germany
|1945
|Firestorm resulting from [[bombing of Dresden in World War II|Allied bombing]]
|Up to 25,000 fatalities during the three-day bombing; {{convert|39|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} of the city destroyed
|----
|[[Tokyo]], Japan
|1945
|Devastating conflagration resulting from [[B-29]] [[strategic bombing|raids]] during [[Operation Meetinghouse]]
|Up to 100,000 fatalities and {{convert|41|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} of the city destroyed; similar fires hit the Japanese cities of [[Bombing of Kobe in World War II|Kobe]] and [[Bombing of Osaka|Osaka]]
|----
|[[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]], Japan
|1945
|Firestorm developed 30 minutes after the bombing of Hiroshima, but only a conflagration developed at Nagasaki<ref>{{Citation|editor-last=Glasstone |editor-first=Samuel |editor2-last=Dolan |editor2-first=Philip J. |year=1977 |chapter=Chapter VII — Thermal Radiation and Its Effects |title=The Effects of Nuclear Weapons |edition=Third |publisher=United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/effects/ |chapter-url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/effects/eonw_7.pdf#zoom=100 |pages=304 | quote = Nagasaki probably did not furnish sufficient fuel for the development of a fire storm as compared to the many buildings on the flat terrain at Hiroshima.}}</ref>
|[[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] (see [[nuclear explosion]])
|----
|[[Texas City]], [[Texas]], U.S.
|1947
|[[Texas City disaster]]
|[[Cargo ship]] ''Grandcamp'' caught fire and exploded, destroying most of the harbor and killing 600 people
|----
|[[Seaside Heights, New Jersey|Seaside Heights]] & [[Seaside Park, New Jersey]], United States
|1955
|[[Seaside Heights, New Jersey#Disasters|The Freeman Pier Fire]]
|At least 30 businesses lost, 50 residents evacuated, no major injuries<ref>{{cite web | url = http://talesofthejerseyshore.blogspot.com/2009/06/freeman-pier-fire-1955-seaside.html | title = The Freeman Pier Fire- 1955- Seaside | date = June 30, 2009 | publisher = Tales of the New Jersey Shore and its Environs | first = Emil R. | last = Salvini}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://seasideheightsfiredept.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/1955_108.jpg | title = Seaside begins rebuilding as fire ashes cool | newspaper = The Star-Ledger | location = Seaside Heights | date = 1955}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://seasideheightsfiredept.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/1955_103.jpg | title = Fire Loss High, Insurance Low; Concessions Listed | location = Seaside Heights | date = 1955}}</ref>
|----
|Chicago
|1958
|[[Our Lady of the Angels School Fire]]
|95 fatalities, 100 wounded
|-
|Singapore
|1961
|[[Bukit Ho Swee Fire]]
|4 fatalities, over 2,800 homes destroyed, 15,694 people left homeless
|----
|[[Brussels]], Belgium
|1967
|[[L'Innovation Department Store fire]]
|322 victims, 150 wounded
|----
|[[Gulf of Tonkin]]
|1967
|[[USS Forrestal fire]]
|Fire aboard [[aircraft carrier]] during [[Vietnam War]], killed 134 sailors and injured 161
|----
|[[Tasmania]], Australia
|1967
|[[1967 Tasmanian fires]]
|Severe wildfires that claimed 62 lives, 900 injured, displaced 7,000, and destroyed {{convert|264000|hectare|km2|abbr=on}} of land including 1,293 homes
|----
|[[Chelsea, Massachusetts]], U.S.
|1973
|[[Great Chelsea fire of 1973|Second Great Chelsea Fire]]
|18 city blocks destroyed when a firestorm raced across the Chelsea Rag District, a several-block area of dilapidated wood-frame buildings housing textile and paper scrap. The same conditions and origin area of the First Great Chelsea Fire (1908).
|----
|[[Southgate, Kentucky|Southgate]], [[Kentucky]], U.S.
|1977
|[[Beverly Hills Supper Club fire]]
|165 fatalities
|----
|[[Minneapolis|Minneapolis, Minnesota]]
|1982
|[[Minneapolis Thanksgiving Day Fire]]
|Two people convicted of arson in setting fire to a [[Donaldson's]] department store, which in turn destroyed a full city block of downtown Minneapolis
|----
|[[San Juan Ixhuatepec|San Juanico, Mexico]]
|1984
|[[San Juanico Disaster]]
|Fire and explosions at a [[liquid petroleum gas]] [[Oil depot|tank farm]] killed 500-600 people and 5,000-7,000 others suffered severe burns; local town of San Juan Ixhuatepec devastated
|----
|[[Bradford]], England
|1985
|[[Bradford City stadium fire]]
|52 victims
|----
|London
|1987
|[[King's Cross fire]]
|Conflagration in [[London Underground]] station killed 31 people
|----
|[[Waco, Texas]]
|1993
|[[Mount Carmel Center]], the compound of the [[Branch Davidians]] cult
|Occurring on the final day of the [[Waco siege]], resulting in deaths of 76 cult members; question of who actually started the fires remains unanswered<ref>{{cite episode |title=The Siege at Waco |series=Crimes of the Century |network=CNN |date=August 25, 2013 |season=1 |number=7}}</ref>
|----
|[[Dabwali]], India
|1995
|[[Dabwali tent fire]]
|540 deaths<ref>{{citation | page = 18 (Item 55) | url = http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/Member%20Sections/AEBOcodechanges.pdf | title = Large Building Fires and Subsequent Code Changes | date = April 7, 2005 | first = Jim | last = Arnold | publisher = Clark County Department of Development Services, Building Division | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207173649/http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/Member%20Sections/AEBOcodechanges.pdf | archive-date = December 7, 2008}}</ref>
|----
|[[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
|2001
|[[September 11 attacks]]
|2,606 victims killed in New York City as fires caused both twin towers of the [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]] to collapse, following impacts by two hijacked airliners. In Washington, D.C., 125 victims at [[the Pentagon]] were killed by the hijacked plane crash and subsequent fire.
|----
|[[West Warwick, Rhode Island|West Warwick]], [[Rhode Island]], U.S.
|2003
|[[The Station nightclub fire]]
|100 killed and over 200 injured in fire at rock concert
|----
|[[Asunción]], Paraguay
|2004
||[[Ycuá Bolaños supermarket fire]]
|Almost 400 fatalities
|----
|[[Hemel Hempstead]], England
|2005
|[[Buncefield fire|Hertfordshire oil storage terminal fire]]
|The largest fire in peacetime [[United Kingdom|Britain]]
|----
|[[Greece]]
|2007
|[[2007 Greek forest fires]]
|84 victims in over 3,000 wildfires destroying {{convert|670,000|acre|km2}} of land
|----
|[[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia
|2009
|[[Black Saturday bushfires]]
|173 victims in over 400 separate bushfires which burned {{convert|450,000|hectare|km2|abbr=on}}
|----
|Near [[Haifa]], Israel
|2010
|[[2010 Mount Carmel forest fire]]
|44 victims, {{convert|12,000|acre|km2}} of bush/forest destroyed
|----
|[[Comayagua]], Honduras
|2012
|[[Comayagua prison fire]]
|382 fatalities
|----
|[[Karachi]] and <br />[[Lahore, Pakistan]]
|2012
|[[2012 Pakistan garment factory fires]]
|About 315 fatalities, over 250 injured in 2 fires on a single day
|----
|[[Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul|Santa Maria]], Brazil
|2013
|[[Kiss nightclub fire]]
|At least 232 fatalities and 117 hospitalized<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/27/brazil-nightclub-fire-santa-maria-kiss_n_2560839.html?icid=maing-grid10%7Chtmlws-main-bb%7Cdl1%7Csec1_lnk2%26pLid%3D262218 | title = Brazil Nightclub Fire Kills At Least 232 People | newspaper = The Huffington Post | first1 = Juliana | last1 = Barbassa | first2 = Marco | last2 = Sigaja | date = January 27, 2013}}</ref>
|----
|[[Seaside Heights, New Jersey|Seaside Heights]] & [[Seaside Park, New Jersey]], U.S.
|2013
|[[2013 Seaside Park, New Jersey fire|Boardwalk fire]]
|At least 19 buildings destroyed, 30 businesses lost, no major injuries<ref>{{cite news | url = http://nj1015.com/seaide-boardwalk-fire-seaside-businesses-impacted/ | title = Seaside Businesses Impacted by the Boardwalk Fire | author = Double Down | date = September 12, 2013 | publisher = [[WKXW]], New Jersey 101.5 FM Radio}}</ref>
|----
|[[Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo]], Alberta, Canada
|2016
|[[2016 Fort McMurray wildfire|2016 Fort McMurray Wildfire]]
|Destroyed 2400 buildings and burned {{convert|589,552|ha|acre}} forcing the evacuation of 80,000 residents.
|----
|[[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
|2017
|[[Grenfell Tower fire]]
|On 14 June 2017, a fire broke out in [[Grenfell Tower]], causing the deaths of 72 people and injured 74.
|----
|[[Sonoma County, California]], U.S.
|2017
|[[Tubbs Fire]]
|36,807 acres burned, 5,400 structures destroyed, 22 fatalities<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Destruction.pdf |title=Top 20 Most Destructive California Wildfires |author=Cal Fire |date=October 23, 2017 |publisher=State of California - Cal Fire |access-date=27 October 2017 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626025601/http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Destruction.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|----
|[[Paço de São Cristóvão]], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|2018
|[[National Museum of Brazil fire]]
|On 2 September 2018, a fire broke out at Paço de São Cristóvão in [[Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]], which housed the 200-year-old National Museum of Brazil. The museum held more than 20 million items, of which almost 90 percent were lost.
|-
|[[Notre-Dame de Paris]]
|2019
|[[Notre-Dame de Paris fire|Notre-Dame de Paris Fire]]
|The fire of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris was a violent fire that erupted in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. It began at the end of the afternoon of April 15, 2019, on the roof of the building, causing considerable damage. The cathedral's needle and roof collapsed, and the interior and artefacts it housed were severely damaged.
|----
|[[Los Angeles County, California]]
|2025
|[[January 2025 Southern California wildfires]]
|Between January 7th and 31st, 2025, 14 destructive wildfires burned in throughout [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] in [[California]], [[United States]]. Due to environmental conditions, the wildfires grew into an [[Urban area|urban]] conflagration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=apistemplate |date=2025-01-20 |title=From wildfire to conflagration: What sets the LA blazes apart? |url=https://coregroupusa.com/from-wildfire-to-conflagration-what-sets-the-la-blazes-apart/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=The C.O.R.E. Group {{!}} Centered On Relationship Enhancement |language=en-US}}</ref>  Leading to the death of more than 28 people,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Moses |first=Claire |last2=Otterman |first2=Sharon |last3=Cochrane |first3=Emily |date=2025-01-16 |title=Slower Winds Help L.A. Firefighters, but Anxiety Mounts Among Evacuees |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/01/16/us/la-wildfires-california?smid=url-share#0db84d21-742c-57ed-9d13-eeecf128cdf7 |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> with more than 31 missing.<ref name=":0" /> More than 17,000 structures were destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Steve |date=2025-01-20 |title=LA wildfires: 17,027 structures damaged or destroyed. Insured loss estimates avg $32.5bn - Artemis.bm |url=https://www.artemis.bm/news/la-wildfires-17027-structures-damaged-or-destroyed-insured-loss-estimates-avg-32-5bn/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Artemis.bm - The Catastrophe Bond, Insurance Linked Securities & Investment, Reinsurance Capital, Alternative Risk Transfer and Weather Risk Management site |language=en}}</ref> These were some of the most destructive fires in California's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radford |first=Jessie Yeung, Chris Boyette, Lauren Mascarenhas, Dakin Andone, Maureen Chowdhury, Zoe Sottile, Karina Tsui, Hanna Park, Antoinette |date=2025-01-12 |title=Los Angeles wildfires: Crews scramble to contain blazes ahead of high winds |url=https://www.cnn.com/weather/live-news/los-angeles-wildfires-palisades-eaton-california-01-12-25/index.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
|}