Editing Confusion and diffusion (section)

===Confusion===

Confusion means that each binary digit (bit) of the ciphertext should depend on several parts of the key, obscuring the connections between the two.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Shannon|first=C. E.|date=October 1949|title=Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems*|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6769090|journal=Bell System Technical Journal|language=en|volume=28|issue=4|pages=656–715|doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1949.tb00928.x|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The property of confusion hides the relationship between the ciphertext and the key.

This property makes it difficult to find the key from the ciphertext and if a single bit in a key is changed, the calculation of  most or all of the bits in the ciphertext will be affected.

Confusion increases the ambiguity of ciphertext and it is used by both block and stream ciphers.

In [[substitution–permutation network]]s, confusion is provided by [[substitution box]]es.{{sfn|Liu|Rijmen|Leander|2018|p=1}}