Editing Consent (section)

== Internet and digital services ==
The concept of [[End user|end-user]] given consent plays an important role in digital regulations such as the European [[General Data Protection Regulation]] (GDPR).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Human|first1=Soheil|last2=Cech|first2=Florian|title=Human Centred Intelligent Systems |chapter=A Human-Centric Perspective on Digital Consenting: The Case of GAFAM |date=2021|editor-last=Zimmermann|editor-first=Alfred|editor2-last=Howlett|editor2-first=Robert J.|editor3-last=Jain|editor3-first=Lakhmi C.|series=Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies|volume=189|location=Singapore|publisher=Springer|pages=139–159|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-5784-2_12|isbn=978-981-15-5784-2|s2cid=214699040|chapter-url=https://epub.wu.ac.at/7523/1/HCIS2020_A%20Human-centric%20Perspective%20on%20Digital%20Consenting_The%20Case%20of%20GAFAM_Soheil%20Human_Florian%20Cech.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Skiera |first=Bernd |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1303894344 |title=The impact of the GDPR on the online advertising market |date=2022 |others=Klaus Matthias Miller, Yuxi Jin, Lennart Kraft, René Laub, Julia Schmitt |isbn=978-3-9824173-0-1 |location=Frankfurt am Main |oclc=1303894344}}</ref> The GDPR (Article 6) defines a set of different legal bases for lawful processing of personal data. End-users' consent is only one of these possible bases. However, as a result of the GDPR enforcement (in 2018) and other legal obligations, data controllers (online service providers) have widely developed consent-obtaining mechanisms in recent years.<ref name=":1" /> According to the GDPR, end-users' consent should be ''valid'', ''freely given'', ''specific'', ''informed'' and ''active''.''<ref name=":1" />'' But the lack of enforceability regarding obtaining lawful consents has been a challenge in the digital world. As an example, a 2020 study, showed that the [[Big Tech]], i.e. [[Google]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Facebook]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], and [[Microsoft]] (GAFAM), use [[dark pattern]]s in their consent obtaining mechanisms, which raises doubts regarding the lawfulness of the obtained consent.<ref name=":1" />