Editing Contempt (section)

==Cultural context==
[[File:PSM V36 D704 Facial expression of contempt.jpg|thumb|Facial expression of contempt]]

[[Paul Ekman|Ekman]] and [[Friesen]] (1986) identified a specific [[facial expression]] that observers in ten different cultures, both Western and non-Western, agreed signaled contempt. In this study, residents of [[West Sumatra]], Indonesia, viewed photos of American, Japanese, and Indonesian people. Their ability to classify some facial expressions as contempt versus the primary emotions of anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, fear, or surprise showed that across cultures, general contempt is universally understood (with level of agreement equating to 75%).<ref>
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Ekman | first1 = P
 | last2 = Heider | first2 = K.G. | year = 1988
 | title = The Universality of Contempt Expression: A Replication
 | journal = Motivation and Emotion | volume = 12 | issue = 3
 | pages = 303–308 | doi=10.1007/bf00993116
| s2cid = 143817186
 }}
</ref>
"An expression in which the corner of the lip is tightened and raised slightly on one side of the face (or much more strongly on one side than the other) signaled contempt." This study showed that contempt, as well as the outward expression of contempt, can be pointed out across Western and Non-Western peoples when contrasted with other primary emotions.

In [[American English]] the use of the word "contempt" has declined since the early 19th century, while in the 21st century the word "'''disrespect'''" has become relatively more common.<ref>
[https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=contempt%2Cdisrespect&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=28&smoothing=3#  Google Books Ngram Viewer]. 
</ref>