Editing Controlled burn (section)

=== Forestry ===
Controlled burning reduces [[fuel]]s, improves [[wildlife]] [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/443 |title=Whither wildlife without fire? |journal=Transactions of the 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference; 1998 March 20–25; Orlando, Fl. Washington, DC: Wildlife Management Institute: 402–414 |publisher=Treesearch.fs.fed.us |date=2011-06-16 |access-date=2011-06-25 |last1=Palmer |first1=W. E. |last2=Engstrom |first2=R. T. |last3=Brennan |first3=L. A. |archive-date=2012-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325053444/http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/443 |url-status=dead }}</ref> controls competing vegetation,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Franklin |first1=Caroline M.A. |last2=Nielsen |first2=Scott E. |last3=Macdonald |first3=S. Ellen |date=September 2019 |title=Understory vascular plant responses to retention harvesting with and without prescribed fire |journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research |language=en |volume=49 |issue=9 |pages=1087–1100 |doi=10.1139/cjfr-2018-0288 |issn=0045-5067|doi-access=free }}</ref> helps control tree [[disease]] and [[Pest (organism)|pests]],<ref name="pubs.cif-ifc.org">{{Cite journal |last1=Weber |first1=M. G. |last2=Taylor |first2=S. W. |date=1992-06-01 |title=The use of prescribed fire in the management of Canada's forested lands |url=http://pubs.cif-ifc.org/doi/10.5558/tfc68324-3 |journal=The Forestry Chronicle |language=en |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=324–334 |doi=10.5558/tfc68324-3 |issn=0015-7546}}</ref> perpetuates fire-dependent species<ref name=":7">{{cite web |url=http://www.bugwood.org/pfire/reasons.html |title=Reasons For Prescribed Fire In Forest Resource Management - A Guide for Prescribed Fire in Southern Forests |publisher=Bugwood.org |date=2003-03-24 |access-date=2011-06-25 |archive-date=2011-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705084715/http://www.bugwood.org/pfire/reasons.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Pine Snake: (Pituophis ruthveni) |url=http://www.fws.gov/southwest/clearlakees/PDF/PINESNAKE.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513080316/http://www.fws.gov/southwest/clearlakees/PDF/PINESNAKE.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=15 March 2022 |quote=The suppression of natural fire events may represent the greatest threat to the Louisiana pine snake in recent years, decreasing both the quantity and quality of habitat available to pine snakes. The longleaf-pine savannah forest evolved as a fire-climax community, adapted to the occurrence of frequent, but low-intensity, ground fires.}}</ref> and improves accessibility{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}. To improve the application of prescribed burns for conservation goals, which may involve mimicking historical or natural fire regimes, scientists assess the impact of variation in fire attributes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Bowman |first1 = D.M. |last2 = Perry |first2 = G.L. |last3 = Higgins |first3 = S.I. |last4= Johnson |first4 = C.N. |last5 = Fuhlendorf |first5 = S.D. |last6 = Murphy |first6 = B.P. |year = 2016 |title = Pyrodiversity is the coupling of biodiversity and fire regimes in food webs |journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume = 371 |issue = 1696 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0169 |pmid = 27216526 | pmc = 4874407 |doi-access = free }}</ref> Parameters measured are fire frequency, intensity, severity, patchiness, spatial scale and phenology.<ref name="Mason">{{cite journal |last1=Mason |first1=D.S. |last2=Lashley |first2=M.A. |year=2021 |title=Spatial scale in prescribed fire regimes: an understudied aspect in conservation with examples from the southeastern United States. |journal=Fire Ecology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |bibcode=2021FiEco..17a...3M |doi=10.1186/s42408-020-00087-9 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Furthermore, controlled fire can be used for site preparation when mechanized treatments are not possible because of terrain that prevents equipment access.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Guidance for the controlled burning of heather, grass and other moorland, in Scotland and other moorland, in Scotland |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/11/20194/46113}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bargeron |first=Charles T. |title=Reasons For Prescribed Fire In Forest Resource Management – A Guide for Prescribed Fire in Southern Forests |url=https://www.bugwood.org/pfire/reasons.html |access-date=2017-12-06 |website=bugwood.org |archive-date=2017-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206145431/https://www.bugwood.org/pfire/reasons.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Species variation and competition can drastically increase a few years after fuel treatments because of the increase in soil nutrients and availability of space and sunlight.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Havrilla |first1=Caroline A. |last2=Faist |first2=Akasha M. |last3=Barger |first3=Nichole N. |year=2017 |title=Understory Plant Community Responses to Fuel-Reduction Treatments and Seeding in an Upland Piñon-Juniper Woodland |journal=Rangeland Ecology & Management |language=en |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=609–620 |doi=10.1016/j.rama.2017.04.002 |bibcode=2017REcoM..70..609H |s2cid=90056096}}</ref>

Many trees depend on fire as a way to clear out other plant species and release their seeds. The [[giant sequoia]], among other fire-adapted conifer species, depends on fire to reproduce.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Tianhua |first=He |date=December 2015 |title=A 350-million-year legacy of fire adaptation among conifers |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284924537 |journal=Journal of Ecology |volume=104 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> The cones are pyriscent so they will only open after exposed to a certain temperature. This reduces competition for the giant sequoia seedlings because the fire has cleared non-fire-adapted, competing species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shellhammer |first1=Howard S. |last2=Shellhammer |first2=Thomas H. |title=Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron Giganteum [Taxodiacea]) Seedling Survival and Growth in the First Four Decades Following Managed Fires |date=October 2006 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637(2006)53[342:gssgts]2.0.co;2 |journal=Madroño |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=342–350 |doi=10.3120/0024-9637(2006)53[342:gssgts]2.0.co;2 |s2cid=85700856 |issn=0024-9637}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Giant Sequoia Ecology (Chapter 5) |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/science/12/chap5.htm |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.nps.gov}}</ref> Pyriscent species benefit from moderate-intensity fires in older stands; however, [[climate change]] is causing more frequent high intensity fires in North America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Public Services and Procurement Canada |title=Information archivée dans le Web |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/rncan-nrcan/Fo133-2-2015-2-eng.pdf |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=publications.gc.ca}}</ref> Controlled burns can manage the fire cycle and the intensity of regenerate fires in forests with pyriscent species like the boreal forest in Canada.

''[[Eucalyptus regnans]]'' or mountain ash of Australia also shows a unique evolution with fire, quickly replacing damaged buds or stems in the case of danger{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}. They also carry their seeds in capsules which can be deposited at any time of the year {{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}. During a wildfire, the capsules drop nearly all of their seeds and the fire consumes the eucalypt adults, but most of the seeds survive using the ash as a source of nutrients. At their rate of growth, they quickly dominate the land and a new, like-aged eucalyptus forest grows.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Waters |first1=David A. |last2=Burrows |first2=Geoffrey E. |last3=Harper |first3=John D. I. |date=April 2010 |title=Eucalyptus regnans (Myrtaceae): A fire-sensitive eucalypt with a resprouter epicormic structure |journal=American Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=545–556 |doi=10.3732/ajb.0900158|pmid=21622417 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Other tree species like poplar can easily regenerate after a fire into a like-aged stand from a vast root system that is protected from fires because it is underground.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-04 |title=Trees have evolved to adapt to disturbance and site condition for success in regeneration |url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/trees_have_evolved_to_adapt_to_disturbance_and_site_condition_for_success_i |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=MSU Extension |language=en-us}}</ref>