Editing Covert operation (section)

===Impact===
According to a 2018 study by University of Chicago political scientist Austin Carson, covert operations may have the beneficial effect of preventing escalation of disputes into full-blown wars.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Carson|first=Austin|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346p45|title=Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics|date=2018|volume=157 |publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv346p45 |jstor=j.ctv346p45|isbn=978-0-691-20412-3 }}</ref> He argues that keeping military operations secret can limit escalation dynamics, as well as insulate leaders from domestic pressures while simultaneously allowing them communicating their interest to the adversary in keeping a war contained.<ref name=":0" /> He finds that covert operations are frequently detected by other major powers.<ref name=":0" />

A 2024 study found that state denials of covert actions, even when the covert actions were obvious, could have a de-escalatory effect (compared to making the covert action public).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bloch |first1=Chase |last2=McManus |first2=Roseanne W. |date=2024 |title=Denying the Obvious: Why Do Nominally Covert Actions Avoid Escalation? |journal=International Organization |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=600–624 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0020818324000183 |issn=0020-8183|doi-access=free }}</ref>