Editing Croissant (section)

===Culinary legends===
[[File:Kifli.jpg|thumb|A ''kipferl'', a precursor to croissants]]
Stories of how the ''kipferl'' — sometimes confused with the croissant — was created are widespread and persistent culinary legends, going back to the 19th century.<ref name="schimmer">Karl August Schimmer, The Sieges of Vienna by the Turks: Translated from the German of Karl August Schimmer and Others, trans. Earl of Francis Egerton Ellesmere (London: John Murray, 1879), p. 30–31</ref> However, there are no contemporary sources for any of these stories, and an aristocratic writer, writing in 1799, does not mention the ''kipferl'' in a long and extensive list of breakfast foods.<ref>Mme. de Genlis, "Manuel de Voyage", Berlin, P. T. de Lagarde, 1799, pp. 54–56.</ref>

The legends include tales that it was invented in Europe to celebrate the defeat of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces by the [[Franks]] at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732, with the shape representing the Islamic [[crescent]]; that it was invented in [[Buda]]; or, according to other sources, in [[Vienna, Austria|Vienna]] in 1683 to celebrate the defeat of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] by Christian forces in the [[Battle of Vienna|siege of the city]], as a reference to the crescents on the [[Ottoman flag]]s, when bakers staying up all night heard the tunneling operation and gave the alarm.<ref name="schimmer"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Letters |date=2016-02-23 |title=A short history of the croissant shows it's Viennese, not French |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/feb/23/a-short-history-of-the-croissant-shows-its-viennese-not-french |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

The Islamic origin story seems to have originated with the 20th-century writer Alfred Gottschalk, who gave two versions:<ref name="Gottschalk1948">{{cite book|last=Gottschalk|first=Alfred|title=Histoire de l'alimentation et de la gastronomie depuis la préhistoire jusqua'à nos jours: Illus. documentaires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDhEAAAAYAAJ|year=1948|publisher=Editions Hippocrate|language=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216033508/https://books.google.com/books?id=zDhEAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=16 February 2017}}</ref>

{{blockquote|According to one of a group of similar legends, which vary only in detail, a baker of the 17th century, working through the night at a time when his city (either Vienna in 1683 or Budapest in 1686) was under siege by the Turks, heard faint underground rumbling sounds which, on investigation, proved to be caused by a Turkish attempt to invade the city by tunneling under the walls. The tunnel was blown up. The baker asked no reward other than the exclusive right to bake crescent-shaped pastries commemorating the incident, the crescent being the symbol of Islam. He was duly rewarded in this way, and the croissant was born.<br>The story seems to owe its origin, or at least its wide diffusion, to Alfred Gottschalk, who wrote about the croissant for the first edition of the ''Larousse Gastronomique'' (1938) and there gave the legend in the 'Turkish attack on Budapest in 1686' version; but who subsequently, in his own book (1948) on the history of food, opted for the 'siege of Vienna in 1683' version.<ref>{{cite book |title=Oxford Companion to Food |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0 |url-access=registration |first=Alan |last=Davidson |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/232 232] |isbn=978-0-19-211579-9 }} via {{cite web |url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodbreads.html#croissants |title=Croissants |work=[[The Food Timeline]] |first=Lynne |last=Olver |author-link=Lynne Olver |access-date=29 March 2016 |archive-date=25 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925071709/http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodbreads.html#croissants |url-status=live }}</ref>||''[[Oxford Companion to Food]]''|source=''s.v.'' Culinary mythology, Origin of the croissant}}

For this reason, the [[Islamic State]] attempted to ban croissants during the [[Syrian civil war]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Groden|first=Claire|title=Syrian Rebels Ban Croissants in Aleppo |url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2013/08/02/syrian-rebels-ban-croissants-in-aleppo/|access-date=9 August 2013|newspaper=Time|date=2 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807001231/http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/08/02/syrian-rebels-ban-croissants-in-aleppo/|archive-date=7 August 2013}}</ref>